whtechapel

What was housing like in Whitechapel And what did it lead to

• densely packed as in 1860s many homes were demolished for railway production so 75,000 were displaced from homes and moved to Whitechapel

• 55 percent population lived in overcrowded conditions from Charles booth census

• LED to competition for housing

computers development

• 1980 first national police computer launched holding records of 25 mil criminals

• aswell is on 1995 DNA database laucnched keeping data of finger prints and dba helping indenting criminals aswell as victims holding records of 6 mill

• meant chance of catching repeat offenders higher rather relying on other evidence

• meaning higher convictions

2 features of sweatshops

• mostly made up of those in poverty which would work long hours and recieve very low pay

• Jobs consisted of tailoring and dressmaking

Why was crime rates high in Whitechapel

• 30% population loving in poverty and turned to crime

What were workhouses

Established for desperate people in need of work

• Also allowed peple to stay for sleep and didnt have to pay but had to obey strict rules

• Had to break rocks in return for food

• Families split up (men kept separate from kids and women)

• Crime was common as people in poverty lived their - theft and violence

What was the casual ward

The largest workhouse - people who stayed here didnt have to pay but had to obey strict rules in return

• had to break rocks in return for food

• Families split up (men from kids and women)

• High crime rates as people were desperate

What was the role of charities - Salvation Army

• set up in attempt to help poor as government unwillling to

• SALVATION ARMY to provide night shelters and food and clothing but in return had to attend an religious service

• CHILDRENS SOCIETY / BARNADOS : set up education and orphaned poor children

What were lodging houses known as

Doss houses

What were the role of lodging houses

• had to pay 4d/6d for a days worth of sleep or stay as long as continue to pay

• Terrible conditions: multiple shifts a day so beds could be used by maximum number of people

• Overcrowded as was 233 lodging houses nd claimed to be 8500 living in ONE

What was flower and dean street

A slum area/rookery in which there was lodging houses i terrible conditions

• high rate of crime including thieves and prostitution

What was the Peabody estate

A slum clearance programme set up to improve housing quality for poor

• Peabody trust built 287 flats and built with yards to improve ventilation and brick walls so lice couldn’t move through

• Cost 3 shillings and improved conditions from slums

Why was Peabody estate set up

Influenced from artisans dwellings act 1875 which was a slum clearance programme in which the land was sold to Peabody trust

Was the Peabody estate a success

Rents were too high and as many people who lived here were in casual work and poverty couldn’t afford to stay so kicked out which caused overcrowding elsewhere

WHO WAS CHARLES BOOTH

Social reformer who produced a map showing how crime linked to poverty

Why is Charles booths map credible

As it was put together by trustworthy research from people who visited the areas and also used the polices research

Why did Irish immigrants migrate to Whitechapel

1840s due to disastrous famine which killed around 1 million and forced 1.5 million to emigrate

• made up 22% population in 1870s and 1880s

what were pogroms

official government approved attacks

What types of jobs did Irish immigrants do

• sweatshops for women

• Casual work on docks for men

What were the tttudes towards Irish in Whitechapel

Disliked as led to more competition fo housing and jobs and had a bad reputation with alchohol and spending time in pubs such as ten bells pub

• faced discrimination and prejudice as people blamed them for taking away jobs

• majority were Catholic so many suspicion

• 
  

Who were Irish fenians

Irish nationalist groups which carried out bomb attacks in Britain cities as wanted interdependence as Britain ruled island so used violence

they wanted independence from Britain

Performed 20 Bo b attacks against government 1880s

• many of Whitechapel pupils associated all Irish ppl with them causing tension

Jewish immigrants

• many migrated to Britain (esp Whitechapel) as were facing pogoms in Eastern Europe

• Many faced poverty and worked in sweatshops or other casual work with long hours and low pay in which caused them to be in poverty

What were ttitudes like towards Jewish

Faced prejudice as religion was different to Christian majority, competition with others for jobs which created tension

What did Jewish people tend to do

• thy united together in small groups and segregated themself from society as a way to protect themself from violence

What was the TEMPORARY SHELTR

Set up to house Jewish people in 1885

What is anarchism

• belief British society was unfair as the poorest were refused help and treated badly and wanted political system to be scrapped

• which appealed to poor people

What were the attitudes towards anarchism

• government and police feared anarchism as the anarchist attacks happening in Eastern Europe s worried th same happen in Britain - newspapers, magazines, speeches were mae about it showing a real fear

What was the idea of socialism

• believed existing systemwas unfair an wanted justice for poor ppl

• Wanted to highlight failures of police and government

• 1887- socialist march Bloody Sunday was carried out to aim to improve workers positions in wich led to violence and police failed to control crowds

How did the ripper murders benefit new ideas in Whitechapel

• opoortunity to prove failure of police and government as didn’t catch and failed to protect vulnerable ppl in society

What was h division

• the division of the met police that existed in white chapel which has 500 ordinary constables who went out on the beat to catch and deter criminals

• Mostly ineffective as low number compared to large proportion on criminal activity

What were set up following socialists regarding TU

Trade unions to aim to improve workers positions

• successful female match workers and dock workers led a successful strike 1889

Wat were the 4 reasons for poverty in Whitechapel

1. SWEATSHOPS: work that was small and unhygienic with long hours and low pay

2. ALCOHOLISM: many drank to escape their problems which led to bad health and unable to attend work and it was cheap so many spent their earnings on it

3. POOR HEALTH: unhiegnic conditions so poor sanitation which made ppl ill and unable to work

4. Casual work: men laboured on docks for long hours with low pay

What were attitudes like towards cid

Causes tension and were unpopular as ppl believed they were limiting peoples freedom

• failure to control fenians

• Failure to catch JTR

Why was the met police critiqued when first set up

Constables had a bad reputation and not enough to prevent crime so were ineffective - caused corruption,poor dicipline, many caught drunk on job so 1847 238 sacked

During jtr murders what were examples of bad leadership in policing

• met police and COL refused to work together and share evidence - slowed investigation down

• Charles warren ordered anti-Jewish graffiti to be removed as as concerned it would cause violence towards Jewish community before COL could take a picture to use it as evidence

• Charles warren opposed the view of offering money for evidence whilst COL offered money for evidence in which he changes his mind - was rejected by Home Secretary

What was the problem of the CID in Jack the Ripper murders and how did it affect public

• head of cid was ill - Robert Anderson who had been appointed in 1887

• This was because previous head resigned due to being unable to work with Charles warren - James monro who was an ally of monro both despising Charles

• - many newspapers would critique leadership of policing making people worry causing public panic

why was the graffiti issue a problem

• since it could have been carried out to remove any evidence for the COL police to find to solve the tiller murder therefore showing corruptions between police forced

how many co stables did H division have on the beat

• street patrol (on beat) had 500 which wasn’t enough to deal with crime since population grew hugely especially due to immigrants

• so poverty rose and crime rose

when was most crime committed

• at night as easier to do

• made harder for police to enforce law and catch criminals as dim alleyways and already narrow so made it harder and easy for criminal to hide or not be caught

what were criminal gangs

• gangs that were interested in theft and money

• would prey on vulnerable ppl such as small businesses to pay them or threatened with violence du cg as smashing their business up

• prostitution: forced them to hand over earnings or killed / beated

• most VICIOUS GANG / NICHOLS GANG

what were immigrant gangs

• immigrants that would crowd together for safety and protection from attacks due to hysteria and hatred towards them due to job competition

• and religion difference

what could we use for police attacks / violence used in whitechapel

court records

who was Sir Howard Vincent

• founder of CID who established his Police code in 1882

• used to give guidance how to investigate crime scenes showing improvement

• as with CUD making 15k arrests per year

why was policing hard - environment

• after left main roads led to dark isolated alleys which were maze like and twisting streets so hard to catch criminal due to confusion of route

• majority who were criminals lived in slum areas such as densely packed lodging houses of flower and dead street

• impossible to locate criminal as overcrowded aswell could be alerted before police arrived

reason for crime: alcohol

• cheap and highly available and easy to obtain from pubs.

• turned to igbo re problems such as poverty leading to poor health and often led to violent crime such as irish

• led to brawls in street

• increased poverty as wages spent on it

crime reasons: prostitution

• it in itsel was not a crime and many women turned to it due to poverty

• would wonder on streets so vulnerable to assault at night

• atleast 8000

violence

• police would be eager to use violence causing hysteria that police were aggressive

• however from court records could see that police were attacked

how were police also praised

• 1884 praised with increased better methods of dealing with crime such as surveillance and interviews and photos

• detectives started using sketches of wanted criminals

• carried out interviews with victims and witnesses and suspects and kept detailed notes in notes

how did police gather evidence for jtr- soup

• used soup kitchens as weren’t allowed to offer money as reward as attraction time wasters in large amounts due to poverty

• so setbit up for ppl to come forward as witnesses promising a hot meal

• helped as poverty high and done in areas were it was poor

problems of leadership between police forces

• high profile disagreements between senior figures

• for example argument about whether to offer money for evidence from public but charge at first said bad idea as could lead into fake leads

• COL offered money as some murders took place in their area of £500

• charles changed his mind but refused by thomas matthew home secrtry

who was the first home secretary charles didn’t get along with

Henry matthew’s

MET AND COL

They didn’t work well together or share any info :

how to warren orgainise police

• believed in military styled discipline and recreuiyed ex soldiers

why were their changes in nature of crime under henry

• he broke with roman catholic church 1534 meaning he became the head of the church of england rather than pope as the monarch. so now monarch and gov who controlled it

• led to change in crimes as heresy and treason tied together and dealt with my monarch

• so executed protestants for heresy with burning at stake whilst catholics for treason who didn’t accept him

• meant change in nature as some were not happy with changes so committed crime

what happened in 1547-53

After henrys III death Edward VI became king and changed to protestant england

• meaning that criminal offence for catholics as would be committing heresy rather than protestants which he executed two for betsy

Elizabeth 1559

• tried to create a middle way whilst she executed 200 catholic for treason she treated heresy as a crime more leniently and were fined or imprisoned rather burnt at stake

how was 1957 homocide act significant

• introduced diminished responsibility as a defence against death penalty. if it was probed defendant has a learning difficulties it under mental stress they would be found guilty of man slaughter NOT murder

• benus case proved a strong argument for this reform

• which proved all murder doesn’t deserve execution decreaseing use of death helping shift towards rehabilitation than automatic execution

• showed not all ppl responsible for actions

what did it also do

• distinguished between certain types of murder that deserved capital punishment such as treason remained

• which meant was a decrease in usage rather than all murders proving its insignificance

• making a step forward towards 1965

1865

only used for high treason and piracy and death penalty for murder suspended