(C1) Feline and Canine Diabetes Mellitus

what are cat blood glucose normal (range)

2.6 - 8.4 mmol/L

what is the renal thershold in cats

14 mmol/L

what is the renal threshold in dogs

10 mmol/L

what are dog blood glucose normal (range)

3.5 - 6.1 mmol/L

define renal threshold

value above this indicates there should also be (thing) present in the urine.

what causes diabetes mellitus (4)

1. Pancreatic Damage

2. Insulin Resistance

3. Corticosteroids

4. progesterones

what is diabetes mellitus (2)

1. Decreased insulin production and excretion by pancreatic islet cells

OR

2. Body cells become resistant to the insulin

Decreased insulin = — intracellular glucose = — glucose production = increased serum glucose levels

decreased, increased, increased

define hyperglycemia

glucose exceeds renal threshold and results in glucosuria

what breeds are susceptible to diabetes (9)

1. Keeshond

2. puli

3. miniature pinscher

4. cairn terrier

5. miniature schnauzer

6. poodle

7. cocker spaniel

8. beagles

9. dachshund

what is this stance called

plantigrade stance

clinical signs of diabetes mellitus (12)

1. plantigrade stance

2. PU/PD

3. Polyphagia

4. decreased appetite

5. Weight loss

6. muscle wasting

7. Unkempt hair coat

8. increased susceptibility to infection

9. Weakness

10. Dehydration

11. Cataract formation

12. Diabetic Ketoacidosis

define Polyphagia

extreme, insatiable hunger or an excessive desire to eat that does not go away even after you finish a meal

what does DKA stand for

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

DKA causes what clinical signs? (7)

1. Dehydration

2. vomiting

3. hypovolemia

4. electrolyte abnormalities

5. anorexia

6. weakness

7. azotemia

Diabetic Ketoacidosis Must be treated with insulin to decrease — production

ketone

how to diagnose diabetes mellitus (12)

1. History

2. PU/PD

3. Weight loss

4. changes to appetite

5. Hyperglycemia

6. Glucosuria

7. +/- Ketones in urine

8. +/- azotemia

9. liver elevations in chem

10. T4 (cats)

11. Fructosamine → cats

12. A1C

how to treat diabetes mellitus (5)

1. Insulin Therapy

2. Once regulated, patient needs regular monitoring

3. diet

4. Prevent and manage obesity

5. exercise

in diabetes mellitus what 2 comon foods should always be avoided

1. semi moist foods

2. sugary snacks

what diet should dogs have to help treat diabetes mellitus (4)

1. Generally more energy/calories should come from fat

2. Fiber helps to slow digestion

3. Increased protein to reduce gluconeogenesis

4. Maintain appropriate BCS

what diet should cats have to help treat diabetes mellitus (2)

1. low carbohydrate

2. high protein

what are the treatment goals of diabetes mellitus (5)

1. Control clinical signs

2. Maintain healthy body weight and hydration

3. Manage concurrent diseases

4. Prevent hypoglycemia and other complications

5. Educate owners about ongoing care

how to prevent diabetes mellitus (3)

1. weight control

2. Careful not to feed foods that contribute to obesity

3. Feeding the same foods that can contribute to obesity

client education regarding diabetes mellitus should include (6)

1. How to give injections

2. Storage and handling of insulin - no shaking!

3. Diet & exercise

4. Home monitoring

5. Complications

6. Signs of insulin overdose:

what are the signs of an insulin overdose (7)

1. Hypoglycemia

2. Weakness

3. Incoordination

4. Restlessness

5. Seizures

6. Coma

7. Death

what is an insulinoma

Tumours of the β cells of the pancreas that secrete insulin unchecked by the normal negative feedback loop

what breeds are susceptible to insulinoma (5 dogs + 1 cat)

1. Standard Poodle

2. GSD

3. Irish Setter

4. Boxer

5. Fox Terrier

6. Siamese in cats

clinical signs of insulinoma (7)

1. Seizures

2. Weakness

3. collapse

4. Ataxia

5. Bizarre behaviour

6. Depression

7. lethargy

clinical signs can seem worse in insulinoma from (3)

1. exercise

2. fasting

3. excitement

how to diagnose insulinoma

1. Ultrasound to detect mass

2. Whipple’s triad

3. plasma insulin concentrations

define Whipple’s triad

a classic three-part clinical diagnostic framework used to confirm true, clinically significant hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)

how to treat insulinoma (5)

1. surgery

2. Karo syrup to be given during periods of acute hypoglycemia crisis at home

3. fed more frequent meals

4. limit exercise

5. prescribed medications that will inhibit the production of insulin

what is the exocrine function of the pancreas

Produce digestive enzymes that are released into the duodenum

what is the endocrine function of the pancreas

produce hormones

what do beta cells in the pancreas produce

insulin

what do alpha cells in the pancreas produce

glucagon

what does insulin do

lowers blood glucose by helping glucose enter cells

what does glucagon do

increases glucose in the blood