Ch 8

Flashcards on the processes of photosynthesis, glycolysis, fermentation, and cellular respiration.

What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?

6 CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

What is glucose and why is it important?

Glucose is a key energy-storing molecule that is metabolized by nearly all cells for energy.

What is the overall equation for the complete breakdown of glucose?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

What are the main stages of glucose metabolism?

Glycolysis and Cellular respiration

Where does glycolysis occur and what does it produce?

Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and produces two molecules of ATP and pyruvate from one molecule of glucose.

What happens when oxygen is absent during glucose breakdown?

Fermentation occurs, and pyruvate is converted into lactate or ethanol and CO2.

What is the function of NAD+ during glycolysis?

NAD+ is recycled during glycolysis; it is necessary for the process to continue.

What distinguishes aerobic from anaerobic conditions in glucose metabolism?

Aerobic conditions require oxygen and lead to cellular respiration; anaerobic conditions result in fermentation.

What is produced during fermentation in human muscle cells?

Lactate (lactic acid) is produced during fermentation under anaerobic conditions.

What occurs during alcoholic fermentation by yeast?

Glucose is fermented to ethanol and CO2, which are used in products like champagne and bread.

What are the two compartments of mitochondria?

The inner membrane encloses the fluid matrix, and the outer membrane surrounds the organelle.

What is the role of the Krebs Cycle in cellular respiration?

The Krebs Cycle further breaks down acetyl groups into CO2 and loads electron carriers.

What is the purpose of the electron transport chain?

The electron transport chain transfers electrons, leading to the production of a hydrogen ion gradient that is used to make ATP.

How does chemiosmosis contribute to ATP production?

Chemiosmosis uses the flow of hydrogen ions down their gradient through an ATP synthesizing enzyme to form ATP.

How does metabolic process depend on ATP generation?

Metabolic processes in cells are dependent on ATP; its disruption can be fatal.

What other fuels can cells use for energy besides glucose?

Cells can also metabolize other carbohydrates, proteins, and fats for energy.