AP Gov Federalism and Political Culture

McCulloch v Maryland

• Congress opened the Second Bank of the United States in Maryland, so Maryland tried taxing the bank, but the bank officials didn’t pay those taxes

• Creating a bank is part is not an enumerated power, but they needed were able to because of the necessary and proper clause of the constitution. They needed the bank to carry out actual enumerated powers like taxing, borrowing, and regulating commerce.

• States cannot tax any means the national government uses to carry out its powers. That falls on the supremacy clause

• McCulloch won unanimously

Gibbons v Ogden

• New York gave Ogden a steamboat monopoly on routes between New York and New Jersey, but Gibbons already had a federal license to run that same route

• Commerce clause plus supremacy clause struck down the New York’s monopoly

13th Amendment

Outlaws Slavery

14th Amendment

Due Process of the law, Equal protection clause, and everyone born in US is a citizen

15th Amendment

African Americans the right to vote

10th Amendment

Any powers not listed in the constitution are now reserved powers. Gives more power back to the states

Dual Federalism/Layer Cake Federalism

States and national government operate independently in their own areas of policy. Kind of like different layers of a cake. Each government does its own things. This is how it was until 19th century

Cooperative Federalism/Marble Cake Federalism

States and national government work together on policies. Kind of like a marble cake where all the colors mix together. We use this federalism since FDR and his New Deal

Selective Incorporation

Superme Court applies bill of rights protections case by case through 14th amendment due process and equal protection clauses. This began with Gitlow v New York (1925)

Grants-in-aid

Federal money given to states to carry out policies that the federal government think are important

Fiscal Federalism

Use of grants-in-aid to influence state policies

Categorical Grants

Federal money given to the states for a specific purpose and conditions attached. Conditions could be how money should be spent and others

Carrot and Stick

Reward states for carrying out national goals (carrot) and withhold funds(stick) if they don’t

Unfunded Mandates

Federal requirements states must follow without any money being given to them

Block Grant

A grant-in-aid that is gives more flexibility in how federal money is spent

Devolution

Returning authority for federal programs back to states.

United States v Lopez

• Lopez sold a gun in school and got arrested un the Gun Free School Zones Act of 1990.

• Lopez won because possession of a gun in a school zone is not a economic activity so the Gun Free School Zone Act is not valid under the commerce clause

• If this law were to be allowed almost anything could be counted as commerce effectively giving the federal government infinite power

Americans with Disabilities Act

Require states to make public buildings that are accessible to anyone. This advantaged disabled people rights but cost states lot of money

Creative Federalism/Picket Fence Federalism

• Specific programs and policies involve all levels of government

(national, state, and local) with initiative through national gov’t

• Starts with Great Society

Scientific Poll

a representative poll of randomly selected people with a statistically large sample size with neutral wording

Margin of error

A polling margin of error measures the expected statistical variance between a survey sample's results and the true value of the entire population. Usually around ±3 percentage points

Random sample

everyone has an equal chance of being chosen for the poll

Straw poll

unofficial tally at a meeting of event. no so random, no so reliable

exit poll

poll outside a polling place asking people who people voted for and why. useful to figure out any patterns. may overrepresent one side

benchmark poll

taken at the start of a campaign to gauge support and and find voters’ key issues. used for campaign planning

tracking poll

measures support for a candidate or issue throughout a campaign.

question order and wording

order and wording of questions can steer answers toward one side. having bad wording and order results in an inaccurate poll

random digit dialing

computer generated phone numbers to select people. problem is that some people might not pick up because of the caller id and then it doesn’t become random

entrance survey

poll of people who come into an event. compare with exits polls to see if people change their minds

representative sample

sample that reflects demographics of a population. voluntary polls are always suspect because might not represent all people in the population

political ideaology

a set of beliefs about the desired goals and outcomes of governance (what should happen)

party ideaology

party’s philosophy about proper role of government and its positions on major issues

party identification

an individual’s attachment to a specific political party

converatism

more gov control of social behavior. fewer regulations on business

libertarian

very little gov involvement on social behavior. very little regulation on business and economy besides private property and individual liberty

liberalism

gov has less control of social behavior. more regulation on business and economy

partisanship

more interest in criticizing the other side than cooperating

Welfare reform act of 1996

Personal Responsibilty and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act(PRWORA)

clean air act

example of cooperative federalism. this is a example of federal mandate. fed gov makes states follow this but doesnt give enough money to states to help them so it is an unfunded mandate

funded mandates

federal requirement that comes with enough federal funding

Revenue sharing

fed gov gives money to states with no string attached

converative

limited government, free markets, individual liberties, traditional social standards, strong national defense, and gradual change rather than rapid innovation. more control of social behavior and less control of government

liberal

limit government on social behavior, government regulate business and economy

radical

very far left. rapid, drastic, fundamental change

reactionary

very far right. wants things to go back to how they were earlier

moderate

middle between left and right. holds a mix of views from both sides. prefers compromise

authoritarian

power is with a small group or leader. individual freedoms are limited. few checks and balances

Cross Cutting Cleavages

occur when social divisions (such as race, religion, class, or region) overlap so that individuals belong to multiple groups with different interests, rather than lining up along a single dividing line

political socialization

the lifelong learning process by which people develop their political values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviorsp

political spectrum

way or arranging all political beliefs in a grid

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