CIVART Exam 2 - Huebert

Baldacchino

the pillared area around the altar in a large cathedral or bascillica

Baroque

the name applied to the stye period following the Renaissance. The word was originally used to describe an irregularly shaped pearl. The Baroque style period uses any curved lines and shapes

Canopy

the ceiling/covering over a baldocchino

Chiaroscuro

the use of contrasting light and shadow in painting

Colonnade

a long row of columns

Fleur-de-lis

a stylized lily or iris from European heraldry that is a symbol of France

French Baroque

the high Baroque style of France in the 17th century that evidenced opulence and grandeur along with some classical restraint

Gesamtkunstwerke

a German term meaning “total art work” and used to refer to works that include several types of art within one work

Grotto

a small picturesque cave (generally man-made) often used a tomb

Obelisk

a tall, slender, four-sided monument that tapers at the top. Earliest examples are from Egypt

Piazza

an open square, especially in Italy

Pilaster

a rectangular column, especially one projecting from a wall

Rouge de Rance

a red limestone from the region of Rance, popularized by King Louis XIV

Solomonic column

a helical column with a spiraling or twisted appearance, named after
columns of King Solomon’s temple

Stucco relief

relief made of stucco applications rather than carved into stone

Sun god

the name Louis XIV gave himself; it included representing himself with images of
the sun

Theater box

a small, separated area of seating in a theater for a group of people to watch the performance privately

Polyphony/polyphonic

Describes a section or piece of music with more than one independent melodic voice or line

Monophony/monophonic

A type of music that has only one part (voice) performed by one or more
persons

Homophony/homophonic

A section or piece of music in which the lines or voices move in the same rhythm simultaneously

Concerto grosso

A work form Baroque orchestra in which the main body of the orchestra plays a recurring theme (ritornello) and soloist/s play an intervening unrepeated section (episode); the form includes alternation between full orchestra and soloist, and also alternation of the main theme with new material

Consort

A group of (generally four) musical instruments that are basically the same but are of different
sizes

Chordal

The vertical structure of music creating chords (identifiable sonic structures), as opposed to the linear structure of music creating melodies

Episode

1) in a fugue, a section of the music in which the fugue subject is absent. 2) the part of concerto
grosso form in which the ritornello is absent

Equal temperament

A tempered (altered, not naturally occurring) system of pitches based on mathematically equidistance of pitch (not based solely on overtones)

Fugue

A type of polyphonic composition or compositional technique based on a principal theme (subject) and melodic lines (counterpoint) that imitate the principal theme

Harpsichord

A forerunner of the modern piano in which the strings were plucked by a mechanism
connected to the keyboard; with the exception of the keyboard feature, it is more akin to a lute than to an organ

Harmony

The chordal part of music; the vertical structure of the sound when more than one pitch sounds together

Melody

The linear structure of music found in an individual part; the tune

Organ

A wind/keyboard instrument made up of many metal (and some wood) pipes that are supplied with air from a bellows; the type existed before the Baroque, but in the Baroque the organ became a large build-in instrument and often a focus in the interior design of churches, as well as a staple in church music

Overtones

Higher tones that are part of a lower pitch, sometimes called partials

Ritornello

The repeated, recurring theme of a Baroque concerto (concerto grosso) functioning in a way similar to a refrain

Tablature

A type of musical notation for instrumental music that shows the placement of the fingers on the instrument; a present-day system may be seem in guitar charts

Timbre

The tonal quality of different types of instruments

Tutti

The term means “all” and is used to designate the sections of the concerto grosso that include all of the instruments (the full orchestra)

Solo/Soloist

Music that has only one person playing or singing the melody; can also be used to indicate that
only one person is playing on each part, as in the Vivaldi Concerto grosso

Standardized Tuning

The adoption of specific pitch (frequency of sound waves) such as A=440Hz (Hertz)

Sonata-allegro form

standard 1st movement form: Exposition-Development-Recapitulation

Exposition

first section of sonata form in which contrasting themes are introduced, ending in a new key; repeated in most classic-period works

Development

part of sonata form between the exposition and recapitulation in which theme or fragments of themes are developed; modulates to various keys; may contain new material

Recapitulation

the last section of a movement in a sonata form that restates the themes of expositions, but this time stays in the original key

Symphony

multi-movement work for orchestra, emerging in the classic era. The first movement is in sonata form and the last movement is often in rondo form. The order of the movements of the symphony are arranged fast, slow, minuet/scherzo, fast

Sonata

a multimovement work for a solo instrument that follows the basic structure of the symphony

String Quartet

two violins, viola, and cello; multimovement works for these 4 instruments

orchestra

relatively large ensemble with a full string section; generally includes wind instruments also

Dynamics

directions (usually in Italian) for volume (piano, forte, crescendo, diminuendo, etc.)

Tempo

the pace of the underlying beat; how fast or slow the music is played