2.3-2.4 Intro to memory and Encoding Memories

Memory (Memory Basics-MB)

The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

Encoding (MB)

The process of getting information into memory

Storing (MB)

Definition: The process of retaining encoded information over time.

Retrieval (MB)

The process of getting information out of memory

Explicit Memory (LTM Types)

Memory of facts and experiences that you can consciously recall.

Episodic Memory (LTM Types)

Memory of PERSONALLY experienced events

Semantic Memory (LTM Types)

Memory of facts, meanings, and general knowledge

Implicit Memory (LTM types)

Unconscious memory that influences behavior without conscious recollection.

Procedural Memory

Memory for how to perform skills and actions

Prospective Memory

Remembering to perform an intended action in the future

Working Memory

A short-term memory system that actively holds and manipulates information.

Long-Term Memory

The relatively permanent and potentially unlimited storage of information.

Multi-Store Model

Information first enters through sensory memory, some moves to short-term/working memory, and some is eventually stored in long-term memory.

Sensory Memory

The immediate, brief recording of sensory information.

Iconic Memory

Very brief sensory memory for visual information.

Echoic Memory

Very brief sensory memory for auditory information.

Central Executive (Working Memory Parts- WMP)

Directs attention and coordinates the activities of working memory.

Phonological Loop (WMP)

Temporarily holds and rehearses verbal and auditory information.

Visuospatial Sketchpad (WMP)

Temporarily holds and manipulates visual and spatial information.

Neurogenesis

The formation of new neurons.

Long-Term Potentiation

A lasting strengthening of connections between neurons after repeated activated.

Shallow Processing

Processing information based on superficial characteristics rather than meaning.

Deep Processing

Processing information based on its meaning (meaningful way) and connecting it with things you learn in the past.

Structural Processing

Encoding information based on its physical appearance

Phonemic Processing

Encoding information based on its sound

Semantic Processing

Encoding information based on its meaning.

Automatic Processing

Unconscious encoding of information that requires little or no effort.

Effortful Processing

Encoding that requires conscious attention and effort

Mnemonic Devices (Encoding Strategies-ES)

Memory techniques that use associations or other aids to make information easier to remember.

Method of Loci (ES)

A mnemonic technique that associates information with specific locations in a familiar place.

Chunking (ES)

Organizing individual pieces of information into larger, meaningful units.

Categories (ES)

Groups of objects, events, or ideas that share common characteristics.

Hierarchies (ES)

An organization of information into levels from general to specific.

Spacing Effect

The tendency for information to be remembered better when studying is spread out over time.

Massed Practice

Studying information repeatedly in one concentrated period.

Distributed Practice

Studying information over multiple sessions spread across time

Serial Position Effect

The tendency to remember information at the beginning and/or end of a list better than information in the middle.

Primacy Effect

The tendency to remember items at the beginning of a list better.

Recency Effect

The tendency to remember items at the end of a list better.