Organic Chemistry Functional Groups and Molecular Geometry

Vocabulary flashcards covering organic chemistry functional groups classification and VSEPR molecular geometries.

Functional Groups

Atoms or groups of atoms within a molecule that show a characteristic set of physical and chemical properties and exhibit characteristic chemical reactions.

Alcohols

Organic compounds containing a hydroxyl ($-OH$) group bonded to a carbon atom with four single bonds.

Primary ($1^\bullet$) Alcohol

An alcohol where the carbon bearing the $-OH$ group is bonded to one carbon atom.

Secondary ($2^\bullet$) Alcohol

An alcohol where the carbon bearing the $-OH$ group is bonded to two carbon atoms.

Tertiary ($3^\bullet$) Alcohol

An alcohol where the carbon bearing the $-OH$ group is bonded to three carbon atoms.

Amines

Compounds containing an amino group, which consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to one, two, or three carbon atom(s) by single bonds.

Primary ($1^\bullet$) Amine

An amine in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to one carbon atom.

Secondary ($2^\bullet$) Amine

An amine in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to two carbon atoms.

Tertiary ($3^\bullet$) Amine

An amine in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to three carbon atoms.

Aldehydes and Ketones

Organic compounds that contain a carbonyl ($C=O$) group.

Aldehydes

are organic compounds characterized by a carbonyl group ($C=O$) bonded to a hydrogen atom.

Ketones

are organic compounds characterized by a carbonyl group ($C=O$) bonded to two carbon atoms.

Carboxylic Acids

Organic compounds that contain a ($-COOH$) group.

Esters

Derivatives of carboxylic acids in which the carboxyl hydrogen is replaced by a carbon-containing group.

Amides

Derivatives of carboxylic acids in which the $-OH$ of the carboxyl group is replaced by an amine.

Thiols

Organic compounds whose functional group is a sulfhydryl ($-SH$) group bonded to an $sp^3$ hybridized carbon.

Ethers

Organic compounds containing an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms.

$sp^3$ Hybridization (VSEPR)

Orbital hybridization corresponding to $4$ VSEPR groups and a tetrahedral electronic geometry.

$sp^2$ Hybridization (VSEPR)

Orbital hybridization corresponding to $3$ VSEPR groups and a trigonal planar electronic geometry.

$sp$ Hybridization (VSEPR)

Orbital hybridization corresponding to $2$ VSEPR groups and a linear electronic geometry.

Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry

Electronic geometry present when an atom has $4$ VSEPR groups; yields tetrahedral observed geometry with $0$ lone pairs, trigonal pyramidal with $1$ lone pair, or bent (V-shaped) with $2$ lone pairs.

Trigonal Planar Electronic Geometry

Electronic geometry present when an atom has $3$ VSEPR groups; yields trigonal planar observed geometry with $0$ lone pairs or bent (V-shaped) with $1$ lone pair.

Linear Electronic Geometry

Electronic geometry present when an atom has $2$ VSEPR groups; yields a linear observed geometry with $0$ lone pairs.

Trigonal Pyramidal Geometry

Molecular geometry observed when a central atom has $4$ VSEPR groups ($sp^3$ hybridization) and $1$ lone pair.

Bent (V-shaped) Geometry

Molecular geometry observed when a central atom has either $4$ VSEPR groups with $2$ lone pairs or $3$ VSEPR groups with $1$ lone pair.

Isopropyl

1-methylethyl

Sec-butyl

1-methylpropyl

Isobutyl

2-methylpropyl

tert-butyl

1,1-dimethylethyl