MCB 2610 Exam 1 Questions

Which of the following is a microorganism?

a. Bacteria

b. Plants

c. Viruses

bacteria

Which of the following is not a characteristic of life?

a. Respond to stimuli

b. Evolution

c. Being multicellular

d. Homeostasis

being multicellular

Which of the following may be a function of proteins within a cell?

a. To be a polypeptide

b. To catalyze chemical reactions

c. To provide instructions for assembly of polypeptides

d. Energy storage

to catalyze chemical reactions

True or False: Viruses do not meet the commonly held definition for living organisms

true

Which of the following is not a characteristic that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving?

a. DNA as the genetic material

b. Metabolism

c. Growth

d. Reproduction

DNA as the genetic material

Due to its versatility, many scientists have hypothesized this molecule may have formed the basis for early life on earth.

a. RNA

b. Amino acids

c. Lipids

d. DNA

RNA

What are the three domains of life?

a. Monera, Animals, and Plants

b. Prokaryote, Eukaryote, and Archaea

c. Prokaryote, Eukaryote, and Fungi

d. Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

e. Animals, Plants, and Bacteria

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Which of the following is NOT likely to be true of primitive microbes?

a. They were aerobic

b. They were photosynthetic

c. They could survive in acidic conditions

d. They had a plasma membrane

they were aerobic

What is the likely origin of eukaryal mitochondria and chloroplasts?

a. Membrane invagination

b. Endosymbiosis of bacteria

c. Engulfment of other eukaryal cells

d. Fusion of bacterial and eukaryal cells

endosymbiosis of bacteria

True or False: The appearance of plants in evolutionary history led to the abundance of molecular oxygen in the atmosphere and the rise of aerobic organisms.

false

Transcription is

a. Protein synthesis from an mRNA template.

b. Lipid synthesis from fatty acids and glycerol.

c. Carbohydrate synthesis from monosaccharides.

d. RNA synthesis from a DNA template.

RNA synthesis from a DNA template

Which of these are fossilized microbial mats containing photosynthetic bacteria?

a. Stalagmites

b. Cyanobacteria

c. Resin

d. Biofilms

e. Stromatolites

stromatolites

How did the atmospheric O2 concentration rise?

a. Via plants

b. Via cyanobacteria

c. Via influx of O2 from respiration

d. By using the energy of the sun

via cyanobacteria

Bacteria are able to occupy more habitats than eukaryal cells because they

a. Have greater metabolic diversity.

b. Are smaller than eukaryal cells.

c. Mutate more rapidly.

d. Reproduce more quickly.

have greater metabolic diversity

True or False: All extremophiles are anaerobic

false

Which metabolic pathway is the most energy efficient?

a. Fermentation.

b. Aerobic respiration.

c. Anaerobic respiration.

d. Glycolysis.

aerobic respiration

How did Pasteur disprove spontaneous generation?

a. By showing that bacteria would only grow when in direct contact with bacteria in the outside air

b. By showing that bacteria would only grow when he added them directly to a flask

c. By showing that diseases were caused by bacteria

d. By isolating the infectious agent that caused disease

by showing that bacteria would only grow when in direct contact with bacteria in the outside air

How do vaccines work?

a. By exposing an individual to a weakened version of a microbe to cause a person to have immunity.

b. By exposing an individual to a small piece of a microbe to cause a person to have immunity.

c. Exposing an individual to an inactivated version of a microbe to cause a person to have immunity.

d. All of the above

all of the above

How did Lister help decrease the number of hospital-acquired infections?

a. By developing penicillin to treat infections

b. By developing an antimicrobial agent to use in hospitals

c. By showing that cleanliness had no effect on disease incidence

d. By quarantining sick individuals

by developing an antimicrobial agent to use in hospitals

Which of the following is not one of Koch's postulates?

a. The microbe must be found in all organisms with the disease, and absent from all organisms without the disease.

b. When inoculated into a susceptible host, the microbe must cause the disease.

c. The microbe must be re-isolated from experimentally infected hosts and injected into a another host to be sure it is still infectious.

d. The microbe must be isolated and cultured in the lab.

The microbe must be re-isolated from experimentally infected hosts and injected into a another host to be sure it is still infectious.

An important finding from Edward Jenner's vaccination experiment

a. Vaccines are effective against all microorganisms.

b. Immunity to one microorganism can be conferred by exposure to a closely related microorganism.

c. Vaccines are effective only against viruses.

d. All of these choices.

Immunity to one microorganism can be conferred by exposure to a closely related microorganism.

This scientist established a set of criteria to determine if a microbe is the cause of a specific disease.

a. Louis Pasteur

b. Robert Koch

c. Edward Jenner

d. Joseph Lister

e. Alexander Fleming

Robert Koch

This early microbiologist used a swan-necked flask to help disprove the Theory of Spontaneous Generation.

a. Louis Pasteur

b. Robert Koch

c. Edward Jenner

d. Joseph Lister

e. Alexander Fleming

Louis Pasteur

Who showed that you could expose a person to an inactivated or weakened version of a microbe, or even just a part of the microbe, to create immunity to a disease?

a. Louis Pasteur

b. Robert Koch

c. Edward Jenner

d. Joseph Lister

e. Alexander Fleming

Edward Jenner

In endosymbiotic theory, ingested microbes that could use oxygen for a respiratory process to produce chemical energy became __________________

a. mitochondria

b. chloroplasts

mitochondria

In endosymbiotic theory, infested microbes that could fix carbon dioxide into organic molecules using light energy became ________________

a. mitochondria

b. chloroplasts

chloroplasts

True or False: bacteria and archaea do not reproduce sexually

true, descendants of a single pure culture are referred to as strains

Antony van Leeuwenhoek was inspired by _________________'s microscope work and refined it even more.

a. Edward Jenner

b. Louis Pasteur

c. Robert Hooke

d. Francesco Redi

Robert Hooke

Francesco Redi worked to disprove what theory with his meat/fly jar experiments?

the theory of spontaneous generation

Scientist __________ sealed his container of broth prior to boiling it to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation

a. John Needham

b. Lazzaro Spallanzani

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Which scientist concretely disproved the theory of spontaneous generation?

a. John Needham

b. Lazzaro Spallanzani

c. Francesco Redi

d. Louis Pasteur

Louis Pasteur

What two diseases were Robert Koch able to successfully link to their causative bacteria?

Bacillus anthracis with anthrax and Mycobacterium tuberculosis with tuberculosis

What was Alexander Fleming's great discovery?

antibiotics/penicillin

the characteristics of life

metabolism

growth

reproduction

genetic variation/evolution/natural selection

response/adaptation to the external environment homeostasis

In the three domain system, microorganisms are categorized based on a comparison of ________

a. DNA

b. lipids

c. rRNA

d. proteins

rRNA

It is thought that ribozymes were enclosed in a ___________________________

a. phospholipid bilayer

b. single lipid layer (micelle)

single lipid layer (micelle)

Which scientist is associated with the development of the "magic bullet"?

a. Louis Pasteur

b. Robert Koch

c. Edward Jenner

d. Paul Ehlrich

e. Alexander Fleming

Paul Ehlrich

refraction

the bending of light when passing from one medium to another

refractive index

a measure of how greatly a substance slows the velocity of light

The higher the refractive index, the ______________ light will travel.

a. slower

b. faster

slower

The shorter the focal length, the ____________ the magnification of the lens

a. lesser

b. greater

greater

Bright-Field microscopes produce a light/dark image against a light/dark background

dark, light

The shorter the wavelength, the lesser/greater the resolution

greater

numerical aperture

the ability of the lens to gather light

The larger the working distance, the lesser/greater the resolution

lesser

The higher the numerical aperture, the lesser/greater the resolution

greater

Which light microscope is better to use to observe a specimen you would like to keep alive?

a. Bright-Field

b. Dark-Field

Dark-Field

True or False: Differential Interference Contrast microscopes use a hollow cone of light to create an image

false

Which microscope is ideal for looking at biofilms?

a. Light-Field

b. Dark-Field

c. TEM

d. Confocal

Confocal

In _________________ staining, cells are differentiated by the presence or absence of mycolic acid.

a. Gram

b. Acid-Fast

Acid-Fast

In _________________ staining, cells are differentiated by the presence or absence of peptidoglycan.

a. Gram

b. Acid-Fast

Gram