Anatomy chapter 20 blood

blood

type of connective tissue with cells suspended in fluid matrix called plasma

formed elements

blood cells (RBC, WBC, platelets)

function of blood

transport materials, defend tissues, and help maintain a stable cellular environment

what does blood transport?

nutrients, oxygen, metabolic wastes

Average volume in an adult of blood

5 liters

Hematocrit

% by volume of cells

How much percentage is cells in blood?

45%

how much percentage is plasma in blood?

55%

How much percentage of blood cells are red?

99%

How much percentage of blood cells are white?

1%

blood plasma

fluid matrix

Blood plasma functions

transport nutrients, gasses, vitamins, regulate fluid and electrolytes, maintain pH of blood

typical pH of blood

7.45-7.55

What percentage of blood plasma is water?

92%

What percentage of blood plasma is proteins?

7%

What percentage of blood plasma is solutes?

1%

How does blood plasma differ from interstitial fluid?

greater O2 concentration, reduced CO2 concentration, significantly more dissolved proteins

What is interstitial fluid?

comes from plasma, bathes cells

Albumin

plasma protein that is the smallist, maintains osmotic pressure of blood, controls blood volume, and transports materials in blood

What percentage of proteins in plasma is albumin?

60%

What percentage of plasma proteins are globulins?

35%

gamma globulin

act as antibodies

beta glonulins

transport proteins

alpha globulin

transport proteints

Fibrinogen

forms fiber that stabilizes clot (clotting factor), made in liver

What percentage of plasma proteins are fibrinogens?

4%

Serum

plasma minus clotting factors

Regulatory proteins in plasma

1%, enzymes, hormones, functions vary

Waste solutes in plasma

urea and ammonia

Solute electrolytes in plasma

Na+, K+, Mg+2, Ca+2, Cl-, HCO3-, HPO4-, SO4-2

Organic solutes in plasma

lipids, glucose, amino acids

Erythrocytes

red blood cells

Biconcave disks

red blood cell shape with large surface area to volume ration, shape adapted to function, and shape allows passage through capillaries

Do RBCs have a nucleus and most organelles

no

Rouleax

stacks of RBCs

How much hemoglobin in 1 RBC

280 million molecules - 1/3 of cell mass

What does hemoglobin do

carries oxygen

Structure of hemoglobin

4 polypeptide subunits, one heme group per polypeptide, one iron per heme group (4/hemoglobin)

How does hemoglobin carry oxygen?

each Fe carries 1 O2

What color is oxyhemoglobin

bright red

Deoxyhemoglobin

reverses oxyhemoglobin

Carbamino hemoblobin

allows Co2 to bind to hemoglobin

leukocyte general function

control disease outside of circulatory system (in tissues)

Granulocyte

WBC where cytoplasm has many granules

Neutrophil

pink cranules, lobed nucleus that is very mobile, phagocutic

What modifies granules on neutrophils?

lysosomes

What percentage of WBCs are neutrophils?

60%

neutrophil function

1st defense against pathogens, phagocytic, and can attract more neutrophils by releasing factors

Polymorphonuclear

PMN

diapedesis

WBC squeezing out of blood vessles to go into different tissues

Eosinophil

granulocyte with bright red granules, bi-lobed nucleus

What percentage of WBCs are eosinophils?

2-4%

Functions of eosinophils

attracted to injuries to phagocytize compounds with antibodies, increase during allergic reactions and parasitic infections

Basophile

granulocyte with blue staining granules and an enlongated nucleus

functions of basophiles

release histamine as an inflammatory response to attract other WBCs and releases anticoagulants

What percentage of WBCs are basophils?

1%

Anticoagulant

prevents blood clotting

monocyte

agranulocyte that is largest cell in blood, and second at scene of injury (live for several weeks to months)

What percentage of WBCs are monocytes?

2-8%

monocyte function

fuse to form osteocytes, form free and fixed macrophages, recruit more monocytes, and attract fibroblasts

lymphocyte

agranulocyte that is formed in red bone marrow, matures in lymph organs to be smallest WBCs that live for days to years that are non-phagocytic

functions of lymphocyte

immunity

what percentage of WBCs are lymphocytes>

20-30%

Specific immunity

focuses on single pathogen to produce antibodies and destroy abnormal tissue

Cytotoxic effector t cell

attacks antigen directly

Helper T-cell

present antigens to t and b cells

hypersensitivity T cells

produced delayed reaction

Suppressor t cells

regulate immune response

B cells

make antibodies because they can’t attack antigen themselves

What binds to antigens?

antibody

NK cells

natural killer cells that attack antigens directly with immune surveillance, destruction of abnormal cells

Thrombocytes

platelet- small anucleate cell fragments from megakaryocytes

What produces proteins for blood clotting that lasts about 10-12 days?

thrombocytes

Hemopoiesis

all blood cells are derived from a pluriopotential stem cells

hemostasis

stopping of blood flow

How do clots form?

transport a clotting agent, form a temporary patch, clot contraction

For adults, where are all new blood cells produced?

bone marrow

Erythropoiesis

formation of RBCs

Why do RBCs have no ability to repair?

no nucleus or mitochondria

How long do RBCs last?

120 days

How many RBCs replaced every second?

3 million

Leukopoiesis

formation of WBCs

Where do granulocytes complete devellopment?

red marrow

Where do monocytes complete development?

exit circulatory system

lymphocyte

immature cells that can stay in bone marrow or move for several years

How is blood type determined?

RBC plasmalemma has surface antigens (A or B)

If you have Rh antigen,

you are Rh+

When do Rh- people produce antibodies?

Only when exposed to Rh antigen

what peercentage of people are Rh+?

85%