Tkarón:to & Turtle Island: The Remarkable Indigenous Trade Networks

What does the word 'Toronto' mean in Indigenous language?

The Place where the trees stand in the water or A gathering place.

What does Lake Ontario mean in Huron-Wendat language?

The Place of Beautiful Water.

What was Toronto used as prior to European settlement?

A commercial site.

How do we know that Toronto was a commercial site before European settlement?

Materials discovered in archaeological digs and the presence of an island for protection.

What was Lake Simcoe called in 1680?

Lake Torontan (Toronto).

What is the current name for the trading route that connected Toronto and Lake Simcoe?

Yonge Street / Hwy 11; the longest road in the world.

What did Lake Superior provide access to?

The west of Canada and The Mississippi river - the Gulf of Mexico.

What was the primary trade good that came into the region affecting Indigenous Peoples' lifestyle?

Corn, which shifted their economy and way of life by transitioning from hunting and gathering to farming.

Where did the shells that make wampum beads come from?

Clams from the Atlantic Ocean.

What do Wampum beads represent to Indigenous Peoples?

Stories, histories, words and philosophies, records of Indigenous journeys, used for safe passage.

How does the European assumption about wampum beads differ from Indigenous understanding?

Europeans viewed wampum as money, whereas Indigenous Peoples saw it as a representation of identity and relationships.

What is notable about Manitoulin Island?

It is very fertile and important for trade among Indigenous Peoples.

What were some uses of corn other than for nutrition?

Making fabric, writing paper, and for medicine.

When did the hybridization of corn begin?

12,000 years ago.

What was the impact of colonization on Indigenous trade?

Indigenous Peoples were settled into reserves, destroying their existing economy and preventing them from practicing trade.

What does reconciliation mean in the context of Indigenous Peoples and trade?

Re-establishing and supporting the economies that were present before colonization.

What is the geographical equivalent to the area where Algonquian-speaking Indigenous Peoples live?

Almost the size of China.

What is important to know about Ontario according to Bonnie Devine?

It has been shared between the Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) and the Anishnaabe.

Why do the Iroquois and Anishnaabe continue to struggle according to the lecture?

There is a struggle for peace between them due to historical divisions by the British.

What does Bonnie Devine believe reconciliation entails?

Fixing the relationship between Indigenous Peoples.