human growth and devel. chptrs 7 & 8

Critical thinking involves

 

All answer choices are correct.

Jon listens to his favorite CD while studying for tomorrow's exam. This is an example of __________ attention.

divided

If older adults are losing their cognitive skills due to the normal aging process, which of the following has research identified for helping to restore them (or slow loss) to some extent?

 

All answer choices are correct.

The realization that people can have false beliefs is fully developed in a majority of children by what age?

 

5 years old

Dallas no longer has to think about each letter in a word as he is reading. This skill is becoming more automatic, because Dallas

 

practices reading.

Which of the following enables conscious memories to improve throughout a child's second year?

 

maturation of the hippocampus and the surrounding cerebral cortex

Mackenzie easily recalls events in her life but has difficulty remembering the knowledge she once learned about the world around her. Mackenzie shows good __________ memory but poor __________ memory.

 

episodic; semantic

Jake is 45 years old and wants to avoid losing his cognitive functioning when he is older. What can he do now to prepare?

 

do crossword puzzles

According to Harris (2006), studies of theory of mind view the child as a(n)

 

thinker who is trying to explain, predict, and understand people's thoughts, feelings, and communications.

Mandler's main criticism of the Rovee-Collier studies on infant memory is that

 

the infants displayed only implicit memory.

Compared to younger adults, older adults show __________ activity in the frontal and parietal regions while they are engaging in simple tasks. However, as the attentional demands of the task increase, older adults display __________ functioning in the frontal and parietal lobes that involve cognitive control.

 

greater; less

Anna is trying to remember a quote she learned years ago. She can remember the professor who quoted it but not the actual quote. She succeeded in __________ but failed in __________.

 

source memory; semantic memory

According to schema theory, people

 

mold memories to fit information that already exists in their minds.

What does Deanna Kuhn believe to be the most important cognitive change in adolescence?

 

improvement of executive function

Without rehearsal, how long can information remain in short-term memory?

 

up to 20 seconds

Child A understands that the same event is open to multiple interpretations by people. Child B begins to understand that people’s behaviors do not necessarily reflect their thoughts and feelings. Child C believes that if a person sits quietly, he or she is not thinking much. Child A is most likely __________. Child B is most likely __________. Child C is most likely __________.

 

9 years old; 6 years old; 4 years old

What are the three processes required for memory?

 

encoding, storage, retrieval

When people recall important life events and experiences, they are engaging in

 

autobiographical memory.

Some experts believe that children of preschool age should not testify in court because

 

they are highly susceptible to suggestion.

The Rovee-Collier studies (1987, 2007) in which infants kicked to try to move a familiar mobile but not an unfamiliar one indicate that young infants

 

can retain detailed memory.

Research shows that adults remember more events from the second and third decades of their lives than from other decades. This is known as

 

the reminiscence bump.

Why might 40-year-olds be better problem solvers than 20-year-olds?

 

They are likely to rely on more accumulated experience.

Ninety-year-old Ben enjoys talking about growing up on a corn farm in Illinois. Given his age, Ben's episodic memory is likely to be

 

less accurate than his semantic memory.

On a short-term memory task, Trent recalls eight digits, whereas his 6-year-old younger brother, Hunter, remembered only four. According to recent research, if the speed of repetition were controlled, Hunter would

 

remember the same number of digits as Trent.

Which of the following often influences what we can do with information, according to the information-processing approach?

 

information-processing speed

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered in the development of a culture-fair test?

 

family structure

According to the Seattle Longitudinal Study, middle age is a time of

 

peak performance for verbal comprehension.

Paul has an IQ of 71. He lives in his own apartment, has a job, and supports himself. He has many friends, goes bowling, and eats out often. He has no difficulty adapting to everyday life. According to the definition of intellectual disability, Paul has __________ intellectual disability.

no

What are the content areas of the current Stanford-Binet intelligence test?

 

fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial reasoning, and working memory

An intellectual disability in which no evidence of brain damage or genetic disorder can be found is called a(n)__________ intellectual disability.

 

cultural-familial

Mr. Nanchet supervises a Future Business Leaders of America club and admits only those who score in the top 15 percent on an intelligence test because he feels that these students have the most potential to have long, successful business careers. This use of an intelligence test is

 

inappropriate because high scores are only moderately correlated with job success and work performance.

 

inappropriate because high scores are only moderately correlated with job success and work performance.

 

The overall wisdom scale showed no differences between college-age and older adults.

Baby Camille is given a familiar picture and a new picture to look at. The amount of time she spends looking at each picture is calculated to measure her intelligence. What test is being given?

 

the Fagan test

According to Gardner, if a person is very interested in and good at contemplating the meaning of human life, death, and existence, he or she demonstrates a form of __________ intelligence.

existential

On the Bayley cognitive scale, 6-month-old Joshua should be able to

 

vocalize pleasure and displeasure.

Leonard has had varied life experiences and learned much from judicious mentors. He volunteers with disadvantaged youth and is open to new adventures. Baltes and associates would say that all of these provide supporting conditions for Leonard to develop higher levels of

wisdom

The Stanford-Binet intelligence test has been shown to produce scores that approximate a normal distribution. This means that most test-takers score

 

in the middle of the range of possible scores.

Gemmy is a journalist and has just published her first novel. According to Gardner, she most likely has good __________ intelligence.

verbal

Spencer is an architect and loves to sail for fun. According to Gardner, he is most likely strong in __________ intelligence.

spatial

Someone who suffers localized brain damage may lose certain cognitive abilities while retaining functions in other cognitive domains. This supports Gardner's contention that

 

people have multiple intelligences.

According to Baltes, expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgment about important matters is called

wisdom

Which of the following factors contribute(s) the most to a person's level of wisdom?

 

experiences with difficult life problems and having wisdom-enhancing mentors

An adult in middle age will likely do most poorly on which of the following tasks?

 

the reaction speed when a traffic light turns red

Marcus was a very popular elementary school teacher for several years. Now he is a well-regarded mental health counselor within the education system. According to Gardner, Marcus is most likely strong in __________ intelligence.

interpersonal

To be considered gifted under the commonly accepted (but informal) threshold requirement, one needs an IQ of at least

130

In one study, higher amounts of communication between parents and children during the children's first three years of life was__________ correlated to higher Stanford-Binet IQ scores at age 3.

positively

Who coined the term intelligence quotient?

 

William Stern

Snea works as an engineer, and her brother is an accountant. According to Gardner, they are both most likely strong in__________ intelligence.

mathematical

According to Sternberg, students with which of the following abilities tend to be favored in conventional schools?

analytical

According to the Bayley cognitive scale, by Ken's first birthday, he should be able to

 

All answer choices are correct.