module 4 part 2 avionics

two

DME uses __ way radio communication between the aircraft and the ground station

interrogator-receiver-processor-display

DME basic sequence

Intrument landing system

is a ground based radio navigational approach system that provides aircraft with precision guidance during approach to a runway

instrument landing system

provides guidance specifically for runway alignment and descent

localizer and glide slope

ILS two primary guidance component

localizer

provides lateral guidance

glide slope

provides vertical guidance

Automatic direction finder / non-directional beacon

vulnerable to interference and propagation effects

VOR

line of sight, terrain/ altitude limitations, requires ground limitations

distance measurement equipment

line-of-sight and coverage limitations; provides slant range rather than true horizontal distance.

instrument landing system

highly localized coverage around the runway and requires precisely maintained ground equipment.

inertial navigation

a method of determining an aircraft's position, velocity, and attitude by measuring its motion using onboard inertial sensors.

inertial navigation

it does not require continuous radio signals from ground stations.

rotation and acceleration

inertial system essentially measures two fundamental things

gyroscope

used to sense angular motion and orientation

accelerometer

measures specific force and acceleration along the aircraft axes

inertial navigation system

complete navigation system with gyroscope, accelerometer, navigation computer

inertial reference system

an aircraft avionics system that uses inertial sensors and computational processing to establish and continuously provide a stable reference for the aircraft’s attitude, heading, velocity, position, and motion to other aircraft systems.

inertial reference system

It serves as a central source of inertial reference information for other avionics systems.

true

The major advantage of INS is that it is

self-contained and can continue

providing navigation information even

when external navigation signals are

unavailable.

inertial drift

small errors accumulates and produce this. causing the estimated position to gradually deviate from the aircraft’s actual position

satellite-based navigation

a method of determining a receiver's position and other navigation information using radio signals transmitted by navigation satellites.

satellite broadcast signal

containing timing information and data that allow a receiver to identify the transmitting satellite and estimate the distance between the satellite and the receiver.

Global navigation satellite system

is a general term for satellite networks that provide autonomous geospatial positioning, navigation, and timing worldwide.

distance= speed of light x time

how does gnss determine position?

triangulation

determines position using angles.

trilateration

determines position using distance or ranges

receiver clock offset

difference between the receiver's clock and GNSS system time

four

how many independent satellite range measurements are typically needed for a standalone three-dimensional position and receiver-clock solution.

satellite geometry

Satellites clustered in similar directions generally provide poorer position geometry than satellites distributed across the sky. Geometry affects how range errors translate into position errors.

atmospheric delay

The ionosphere and troposphere affect radio-signal propagation and can alter the measured signal travel time.

Multipath

Signals may reflect off surfaces before reaching the antenna, causing the receiver to measure a distorted signal.

signals obstruction

Aircraft structures, terrain, or other obstacles may block or weaken signals from particular satellites.

interference and jamming

Unwanted radio-frequency energy can degrade or prevent reception of GNSS signals. Spoofing is a separate threat involving deceptive signals.

satellite clock and orbit errors

Errors in satellite timing or the estimated satellite position can affect the range measurements used by the receiver.

receiver autonomous integrity monitoring

A technique that uses GNSS measurements to assess solution integrity when the required conditions and satellite geometry are available.

satellite-based augmentation system

Provide correction and integrity information through a satellite-based augmentation service.

ground based augmentation system

Provides local corrections and integrity information for supported operations near an equipped airport.

sensor fusion

the process of combining measurements or estimates from multiple sensors to produce a more useful estimate of the aircraft's state.

flight management system

major user of integrated navigation information. It combines navigation data with flight-plan information and other aircraft data to support flight management.

primary flight display

is a critical instrument in modern aircraft offering pilots an integrated view of essential flight data. The display is part of the cockpit avionics system and is designed to simplify the monitoring of key flight