HBS 1.2 Test

joints

Areas where two or more bones join together

fibrous joints

firm joints (teeth, jaw, sutures)

cartilaginous joints

slight movement bones held together by cartilage (pubic symphysis, ephihysel plate)

Synvoial Joints

most common and mobeable joint

articular cartilage

smooth covers the end of bones and cushions joints (at end of joints)

elastic cartilage

cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline cartilage (ears, epigtous, respitory track)

fibrocartilage

dense and tough to absorb pressure and tension (under knees)

Ball + socket joint

greatest range of motion (hips and shoulders)

pivot joint

only rotates rotates around its own axis (neck, 1st and 2nd vertebre, wrist )

hinge joint

only 1 bone moves (elbow, knee)

saddle joint

type of joint found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and rotation

condoyloid Joint

angular movements along 2 axes

planar joint

flat or slightly curved, permitting back and forth and side-to-side movements (carpals. tarsals, vertebre)

Deppression

lowers a body part (only shoulders and mandible)

elevation

raise body part (only shoulders and mandible)

rotation

The spinning motion on its axis

circumduction

the circular movement at the far end of a limb

flexion

Decreases the angle of a joint

extension

Increasing the angle of a joint

abduction

away from midline

adduction

back to midline

plantar flexion

pointing toes (ankle only )

Dorsiflexion

laying foot flat

elbow flexion

knee flexion

shoulder flexion

shoulder lateral rotation

shoulder medial rotation

shoulder extension

hip extension

shoulder abduction

hip flexion

skeletel muscle

straitions, voluntary, attached to tendom, contract and convert chemical energy to mechincal force

smooth muscle

no stiations, involuntary, hollow organs walls (stomach) and blood vessel helps with digestion and absopstion

cardic muscle

striations, non- voluntary, heart, pump blood and deliver oxygen

striatons

Marked with striped, grooved, or ridged on muscle

skeletal muscle histology

striations, nuclei, 1 line is one muscle cell

smooth muscle histology

no striations, nuclei, all muscle cells are blended together

cardiac muscle histology

Branching, intercalated discs with gap junctions, striations, nucleus per cell,

tendon of diagram

bone on diagram

Epimysium

covers the entire skeletal muscle

Perimysium

wraps around fasicles

endomysium

connective tissue wrap that surronds each muscle fiber

sarcolemma

plasma memberane around each muscle cell/fiber

muscle

organ made up of many fasicles

fasicle

bundle of muscle fibers

muscle fibers

muscle cell made up of many myofibrils

myofibril

long proteins that make up each muscle fibers/cells

myofilaments

make up myofbrils actin thin myacin thick

where calcium releases and acleyonine is put in through t tube

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

muscle contraction 1

Signal travels down a motor neuron towards the neuromuscular junction.

muscle contraction 2

Signal reaches axon terminal causing the release of acetylcholine

muscle contraction 3

Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the surface of the skeletal muscle

mc 4

Signal spreads across the sarcolemma and travels down the T tubules.

mc 5

Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions.

mc 6

Calcium binds to troponin.

mc 7

Tropomyosin is moved off of the myosin binding sites on the actin filament.

mc 8

Myosin grabs on (binds) to actin. (cross bridge)

mc 9

Myosin pulls the actin towards the M-line and releases ADP & phosphate. (powerstroke)

mc 10

ATP binds to myosin

mc 11

Myosin releases the thin filament

mc 12

Myosin hydrolyzes the ATP and cocks back ready to bind to actin again.

mc 13

Impulse ends.

mc 14

Calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

mc 15

Tropomyosin covers the myosin binding sites on the actin.

inter costals

orgin ribs,insertion ribs, move air out of chest

pectoralis minor

origin front of ribs 3-5 insertion part of scapula called coracial process action rotates pulls shoulder forward

pectroralis major

origin ribs and clavicle edge, insertion humureus, action shoulder adduction medial

branchialis

origin halfwway down humeurs midway to ulna, insertion proximal ulna flexes forearm

triceps

orgin proximal half of dorsal humerus, insertion distal of the elbow on the ulna, action extends elbow

What are the requirements for a muscle's structure?

Must have at least 2 attachments and must cross at least 1 joint.

What happens to muscles when they contract?

Muscles always pull and get shorter.

What is the term for the attachment that moves in a muscle?

Insertion.

What is the term for the attachment that remains stationary in a muscle?

Origin.

What are flexors and extensors in terms of muscle function?

Flexors decrease the angle between ventral surfaces; extensors increase the angle.

How do muscles typically work in relation to each other?

Muscles always work in opposing pairs.

What do muscle striations indicate?

Muscle striations point to attachments and show direction of pull.

how muscles get names

shape, size, bones, direction of muscle fibers, function, number of origin

strain

an injury or tearing of a muscular tendon

sprain

strecthing/tearing liagment which connects bone to bone

tear

a partial or complete structural rupture of tissue fibers (muscles, tendons, liagments)