bacte: bacterial cytology and morphology 1

bacteria multiply by

binary fission

slimy area

anti-phagocytic

responsible for mucoid morphology of the colonies

capsule

it detects the presence of capsule

neufeld quellung test

examples of bacteria that have capsule

BaKHis

bacillus anthracis

klebsiella pneumoniae

haemophilus pneumoniae

streptococcus pneumoniae

site of energy synthesis in bacteria

transports nutrients in and out of the cell

plasma membrane

main component of cell wall

murein/peptidoglycan

have thicker peptidoglycan

teichoic acid

gram positive bacteria

have thinner peptidoglycan

lipopolysaccharide

no teichoic acid

gram negative bacteria

organisms that does not have cell wall

mycoplasma and ureaplasma

it prevents phagocytosis in strep. pyogenes

m protein

responsible for acid fastness in mycobacterium

prevents digestion during phagocytosis

mycolic acid

2 types of pili or fimbriae

common pili - attachment and adherence to host cell

sex pili - gene conjugation

reason why bacteria survive in high temperature

endospore

this make endospore difficult to eliminate

calcium dipicollinate/dipicollinic acid

best way to destroy spores

autoclave

bacteria with spores

bacillus and clostridium

spores of the ff

c. tetani

c. botulinum

b. anthracis

tt - terminal spore

bs - subterminal spore

ac - central spore

for locomotion

best scene at rt

flagella

ways to demonstrate motility

• hanging drop method (presumptive for listeria spp

• semi solid media

• flagellar stain

distinct motility of the ff:

• capnocytophaga

• campylobacter

• listeria

• kingella kingae

• vibrio cholerae

• capnocytophaga - gliding motility

• campylobacter - darting motility

• listeria - tumbling motility

• kingella kingae - twitching motility

• vibrio cholerae - shooting star motility

serves as energy source

inclusion bodies

inclusion bodies of the ff:

• c. diphtheriae

• m. tuberculosis

• nocardia, actinomyces

• yersinia pestis

• c. diphtheriae - babes ernst

• m. tuberculosis - much granules

• nocardia, actinomyces - sulfur granules

• yersinia pestis - bipolar bodies

DNA in the bacterial cell are generally confined to this central region

nucleoid

protein synthesis

ribosomes

extrachromosomal dna

carries antibiotic dna

plasmid

confers resistance to beta lactams

more lethal

large plasmid

confers resistance to tetracycline and chloramphenicol

small plasmid

classification based on cellular type of microbiology

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

survive harsh conditions

extremophiles

survives high salt environments

halophiles

survives high temperatures

thermophiles

reason why gram negative have serious disease than gram positive

periplasmic space

tram positive consists of glycan chains of laternating

n-acetylmuramic acid

cause of fever and shock

lipid a

non motile, long, hollow proteins tubes that connect two bacterial cells to mediate

dna exchange

nonflagellar, sticky, protein, hairlike appendages for

attachment

arrangement of bacterial flagelars

• no flagella

• polar flagella

• opposite end have flagella

• group of flagella at both ends

• all over cell wall has flagella

• one side only has group of flagella

• no flagella - atrichous

• polar flagella - monotrichous

• opposite end have flagella - amphitrichous

• group of flagella at both ends - cephalotrichous

• all over cell wall has flagella - peritrichous

• one side only has group of flagella - lophotrichous

genome size

• prokaryotes

• eukaryotes

• prokaryotes - 70s (50s and 30s)

• eukaryotes - 80s (60s and 40s)

process and transport proteins

endoplasmic reticulum

process substance for transport out of cell

golgi bodies

provide environment for controlled enzymatic degradation of intracellular substances

lysosomes

provide membrane enclosure for chromosomes

nucleus

morphology

• in clusters

• in chains

• in pairs

• in tetrads

• in clusters - staphylococci

• in chains - streptococci

• in pairs - diplococci

• in tetrads - micrococci

shape of neisseria

kidney or coffee bean shaped diplococci except n. weaveri and elongata

shape of streptococcus pneumoniae

flame/lancet shaped diplococci

example of cocci in chains bacteria

streptococcus spp. (pyogenes)

coccus in packets of four (tetrads)

micrococcus tetragena

coccus in cuboidal packets of eight

sarcina

micrococcus luteus

bacillus that are small, short, stout/plump

coccobacillus

haemophilus influenzae

school of fish

causative agent of soft changre/chancroid

haemophilus ducreyi

bamboo appearance

causative agent of anthrax

bacillus anthracis

slim, slender, threadlike bacillus, sometimes arranged in serpentine cord (crawling snake) pattern in stained smears

mucobacterium tuberculosis

branching or filamentous bacilli

actinomyces

nocardia

actinomycetes

sometimes resembles x, v, y, z or chinese characters

corynebacterium diphtheriae

curved or comma shaped bacilli

vibrio cholerae

s or c shaped bacillis sometimes resemble seagill wing

campylobacter spp

helicobacter spp

arcobacter spp

spiral with two or more curves quite rigid

spirillum minor/minus

causative agent of sodoku (rat bite fever infection)

loosely twisted spiral resembling a stretched spiral

borrelia spp.

causative agent of relapsing fever and lyme disease

tightly twisted spiral resembling a cork screw

treponema pallidum

venereal syphilis

tightly twisted spiral with one or both ends bent into a hook sometime even resembling an interrogative symbol

leptospira interrogans

leptospirosis