blood type lab

Blood group antigen

they are special glycoproteins found cell membrane of red blood cells that specify our blood type and can induce an immune respond if given to recipients of a different blood type

Blood group antibody

They are these proteins made by our body (B lymphocytes) that help our immune system in the fight against hon-self antigens

Anatomical locations of blood antigens vs. antibodies

Antigens are embedded on the surface membrane of red blood cells, whereas antibodies circulate freely in the blood plasma.

Where in the blood (precisely) are antibodies located?

Blood plasma

Where in the blood (precisely) are the specific antigens which determine our blood type located?

They are the glycoproteins on the surface of RBC

5. Explain in detail what agglutination is and what would cause agglutination to happen.

Agglutination (aka clumping) can cause a transfusion reaction which happens when blood type of donor does not match to the recipient's. When this happens the recipient's antibodies will bind to antigens on donor's RBCs and cause them to agglutinate (clump).

A

I^A I^A and I^A i

B blood type

I^B I^B and I^B i

AB blood type

I^A I^B

O

ii

Rh+

I^D I^D and I^D d

Rh-

dd

I^A I^A x I^A i

There is 100% chance that the offspring is cross have type A.

I^B i x ii

There is a 50% chance that the offspring of this genetic cross have a type B and a 50% chance that I will have a type O

I^A I^A x I^B I^B

There is 100% chance of the offspring genetic cross have a type AB blood

I^A I^B x I ^A I^B

There is a 50% chance of offspring will be a type AB blood and a 25% chance to be Taipei and a 25% chance of getting typing

I^A I^A x I^A I^B

There is a 50% chance of offspring genetic cross have type A and a 50% chance of getting type AB

I^A I^B x ii

There is a 50% chance of offspring will have a type A blood and a 50% chance to ever type B

I^A i x ii

There is a 50% chance of offspring in this genetic cross will have a type O and 50% of getting A typing

ii x ii

There is 100% transport that across have a O type

I^ B I^B x I^B i

There is 100% chance of being will be B type

I^B i x I^A I^B

There’s a 50% chance that the offspring is type B blood and a 25% chance to have AB blood and 25% chance of A

I^D I^D x dd

100% of the offspring is Rh+

I^D I^D x I^D d

The offspring had 100% chance of a Rh+

I^D d x I^D d

There is a 75% chance offspring in this genetic cross have Rh+ and the 25% chance of being Rh-

I^D d x d d

There is a 50% chance of positive and 50% chance negative of Rh

Agglutination

The clumping of red blood cells that occurs when plasma antibodies bind to their corresponding surface antigens during an incompatible transfusion.

Antigen and antibody profile of Type A blood

Carries A antigens on the red blood cell surface and anti-B antibodies in the blood plasma.

Antigen and antibody profile of Type B blood

Carries B antigens on the red blood cell surface and anti-A antibodies in the blood plasma.

Antigen and antibody profile of Type AB blood

Carries both A and B antigens on the red blood cell surface and lacks both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma.

Antigen and antibody profile of Type O blood

Lacks both A and B surface antigens on red blood cells and contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma.

Universal red blood cell donor

Type O-negative ($\text{O}^-$), because its red blood cells lack A, B, and Rh antigens, preventing recipient antibodies from causing agglutination.

Universal red blood cell recipient

Type AB-positive ($\text{AB}^+$), because its plasma contains no anti-A, anti-B, or anti-Rh antibodies to attack incoming donor red blood cells.

Rh factor (Antigen D)

An inherited red blood cell surface glycoprotein; individuals possessing it are classified as $\text{Rh}^+$, while those lacking it are $\text{Rh}^-$. Unlike ABO antibodies, anti-Rh antibodies are only formed after exposure via transfusion or pregnancy.

Erythroblastosis fetalis (Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn)

At (first) birth, mother may be exposed to Rh+ blood of fetus and as a result may become sensitized start producing antibodies against the present antigen. In later pregnancies, those antibodies (if present) can cross the placenta and bind to Rh antigens on fetus’s RBCs. causing hemolysis of fetal RBCs leading to anemia, organ damage and potentially death of fetus

All blood type antigen

Are glycoprotein located on the cell membrane of red blood cells

RhoGAM

An immune globulin injection administered to an $\text{Rh}^-$ mother during and after pregnancy to clear fetal $\text{Rh}^+$ cells before maternal sensitization can occur.

ABO blood group allele relationships

The alleles $I^A$ and $I^B$ are codominant with each other, and both are completely dominant over the recessive allele $i$.

Genotypes corresponding to Type A and Type B blood

Type A can be homozygous dominant ($I^A I^A$) or heterozygous ($I^A i$); Type B can be homozygous dominant ($I^B I^B$) or heterozygous ($I^B i$).

Genotypes corresponding to Type AB and Type O blood

Type AB is heterozygous codominant ($I^A I^B$); Type O is homozygous recessive ($ii$).

Genotypes for Rh-positive and Rh-negative blood

$\text{Rh}^+$ is either homozygous dominant ($I^D I^D$) or heterozygous ($I^D d$); $\text{Rh}^-$ is homozygous recessive ($dd$).

Antiserum testing reaction pattern for Type AB+ blood

Positive agglutination reaction ($+$, clumping) across all three antisera: Antiserum A, Antiserum B, and Antiserum Rh (D).

Antiserum testing reaction pattern for Type O- blood

Negative agglutination reaction ($–$, no clumping) across all three antisera: Antiserum A, Antiserum B, and Antiserum Rh (D).

Zygosity

similarity between the alleles that determine one specific trait.

Homozygosity

a combination of either two dominant or two recessive alleles coding for the same trait.

Dominant

are always uppercase letters; recessive are always lowercase letters.