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how to describe someone smiling in a photograph (AA)

The subject's raised cheeks, crinkled eyes and broad smile convey warmth and genuine happiness, encouraging readers to associate them with positive emotions.

talking about using image or title with the techniques in the body

• working in tandem with

• alongside the image

• compounding this argument is an image presenting

sequencing of argument: opening functions to…

• orient

• establish

• introduce

• draws attention

• opens

• optimistically reflects on the proud history of..

sequencing of argument: body functions to…

• develops

• reinforces

• informs

sequencing of argument: closing functions to…

• conclude

• resolve

• rationalise

caveat meaning and how to use it in argument analysis

the writer introduces the caveat that the proposal may increase costs, presenting themselves as measured and reasonable while maintaining support for the initiative.

the writer sounds angry about an injustice

indignant — suggests moral outrage at something perceived as unfair

the writer strongly criticises someone's actions

condemnatory — expresses firm disapproval or judgement

the writer expresses disappointment in someone's behaviour

disapproving — signals criticism without necessarily being furious

the writer mocks an opposing argument

derisive — ridicules a position to make it seem foolish

the writer uses humour to expose something ridiculous

sardonic — uses ridicule, irony or exaggeration to criticise

the writer sounds doubtful about whether a claim is true

sceptical — questions the credibility of a claim

the writer warns readers about possible harm

cautionary — encourages readers to consider risks

the writer creates a sense that action is needed immediately

urgent — pressures readers to respond without delay

the writer sounds worried about a developing issue

apprehensive — conveys anxiety about possible future outcomes

the writer predicts disastrous consequences

alarmist — heightens fear, often through exaggerated warnings

the writer tries to calm an anxious audience

reassuring — reduces fears and builds confidence

the writer expresses strong confidence in a proposal

assertive — presents a position firmly and directly

the writer sounds hopeful about future improvements

optimistic — encourages confidence in positive outcomes

the writer appeals to readers' compassion

sympathetic — expresses understanding of another person's difficulties, appeals to readers' compassion

the writer expresses admiration for someone's efforts

laudatory — offers strong praise or approval

the writer speaks as though readers are inferior

condescending — implies superiority over the audience

the writer invites cooperation and shared responsibility

conciliatory — seeks agreement and reduces hostility

the writer presents the issue calmly and logically

measured — appears restrained, balanced and considered

the writer makes a heartfelt appeal for help

imploring — conveys earnest pleading or desperation

the writer expresses deep sadness about a situation

lamenting — mourns or expresses sorrow over a loss or problem

the writer adopts a friendly, pleasant and approachable tone

amiable — conveys warmth and friendliness, helping the writer establish rapport with readers and make their argument more inviting

purpose of first few paras usually

• negating offence

• building rapport -creating a connection of trust and empathy with another person.

• trying to lessen social barrier

when the audience asks a question then answers it themselvs

hypophora

to encourage loyalty and attachment to a community

cultivate a sense of loyalty and belonging

to encourage people to protect what matters to them

appeal to their desire to safeguard what they hold dear

to promote shared responsibility for protecting something

promulgate the belief that safeguarding it is a communal responsibility

to make readers feel responsible for protecting something

imbue readers with a sense of responsibility

to encourage people to stand together against a threat

foster solidarity and present a united front

a shift from confidence to a threatening sense of the future

transition from a self-assured to an ominous and foreboding tone

harmful consequences that are subtle or not immediately obvious

insidious damage or repercussions

to make unconcerned readers worried about a threat

transform audience indifference into apprehension

to make a situation seem severely disruptive

construct a sense of significant upheaval

to suggest cherished values are being replaced by shallow ones

insinuate the erosion of traditional values in favour of superficiality

challenging society's established ideas of right and wrong

transgressing socially reinforced moral boundaries

breaking the unwritten rules that govern acceptable behaviour

violating deeply entrenched social conventions

challenging the values that society treats as unquestionable

subverting the moral orthodoxies underpinning society

resisting the restrictions imposed by traditional expectations

defying the rigid parameters of social conformity

presenting an argument as a moral responsibility rather than a preference

frames the issue as a moral imperative demanding collective action

strongly rejecting an opposing position as morally unacceptable

unequivocally condemns the ethical implications of the opposing stance

suggesting that an argument is fundamentally flawed

casts doubt upon the legitimacy of the opposing contention

arguing that a problem reflects a deeper failure in society

attributes the issue to broader systemic shortcomings

revealing the hypocrisy hidden beneath apparently respectable values

exposes the hypocrisy underpinning socially sanctioned behaviour

showing how a seemingly minor issue reflects a deeper conflict

illuminates the underlying tensions between competing social values

emphasising the lasting consequences of an action

underscores the enduring ramifications

revealing the difference between outward appearances and reality

lays bare the disparity between public perception and underlying reality

weetbix and banana maybe some yoghurt

• affirms

unbosoms

• articulate their innermost anxieties

• lay bare their emotional vulnerabilities