Human Bio topic test Y10

DNA + structure

Two strands coiled called a double helix

•Sides made of a pentose sugar called Deoxyribose which are bonded to a phosphate (PO₄)

•Center made of nitrogen bases bonded together by weak hydrogen bonds

· DNA is a large molecule.

· Contains the genetic code

copied in s phase of interphase

· Composed of a double strand

· Composed of nucleotides

· Twisted into a double helix

· Each strand composed of alternating sugar & phosphate molecules

· Pairs of nitrogen bases form cross links between strands

· 4 different base pairs

· Adenine always pairs with thymine

· Cytosine always pairs with guanine

Forms a coiled network/ chromatin in the nucleus/chromosomes

—Nucleotides.

—A molecule of DNA is made up of millions of tiny subunits called Nucleotides.

—

—Each nucleotide consists of:

1.Phosphate group

2.Deoxyribose (Pentose sugar)

3.Nitrogenous base

four types of nitrogenous bases.

•Adenine must pair with Thymine

•Guanine must pair with Cytosine

The bases form weak hydrogen bond

Triplet Code

•A particular order of 3 bases tells the cell to put a particular amino acid into
a protein the cell is synthesising. •This is called a triplet code: 3 bases in a particular order code for one amino acid.

mutation

 random, permanent change in DNA sequence

is the only source of novel (new) variation in the gene pool

Somatic v Germline

Somatic -

•Somatic mutations occur in the body cells.

•Only the person with the mutation is affected.

•Each time the mutant cell divides, the mutation is passed on to the daughter cells.

• The mutation is not passed on to offspring. (e.g. cancer tumours)

Germline - •Germinal (germline) mutations affect the gametes.

•The individual in whom the mutation occurs is rarely affected.

•The affected gamete may be fertilised, to produce a mutant offspring.

•If the offspring survives, future generations could also have the mutant DNA. (e.g. PKU)

Mutagens and types

•Mutagens increase the rate at which mutations occur.

•Mutations can have harmless or beneficial effects in some
environments.

•Mutagens include

–chemicals (e.g. mustard gas, SO_2, formaldehyde,
some antibiotics)

–ionising radiation sources (e.g. UV, X-rays, radioactive waste, fallout from nuclear explosions, cosmic rays).

–Alcohol and diet

–Viruses and micoorganisms

concerns and advantages of genetically modifying organisms to change their characteristics.

different types of both gene and chromosomal

difference between chromosomal mutations causing Klinefelters

 and Down syndromes

define and describe haemophilia

define and describe colour blindness

•  information on caused, symptoms, treatment and statistics of occurrence

 in Australia of these diseases

gene modification

examples of gene modification used in food production

examples of gene modification used in treatment of human disease

 concerns and advantages of genetically modifying organisms to change their characteristics.

utline the steps/process of making  recombinant DNA

•  

• Define and explain the use of plasmids, restriction enzymes and ligase in the process of making dna

• Apply the process to the production of insulin

 Genome.

benefits of being able to sequence different organisms DNA

ethical issues connected to the knowledge of individual genomes

process of DNA profiling/fingerprinting

what information a profile can provide

read DNA profile

uses of DNA profiling

process of gene therapy

vector

• vector use in gene therapy

how gene therapy works/acts on genes

Cystic Fibrosis and the reasons why gene therapy could be a suitable treatment for this disease.

definition of stem cells

differences between embryonic and adult stem cells

Pluripotent

Multipotent

examples of the type of cells that can arise from both embryonic and adult stem cells

Induced Pluripotent stem

causes of infertility in males and females

IVF

steps involved in the procedure of IVF

ethical issues involved in IVF

vaccine

 types of pathogens

Herd immunity

traditional methods of vaccines

how DNA is being used to develop vaccines

 Nervous system role

• controlling and coordinating the functioning body

Recall that the nervous system is made up of nerve cells called neurons

structure and function  of a neuron

3 types of neurons

sensory neuron

relay neuron

motor neuron

what is a reflex

2 parts of the nervous system

structure and function of the brain

structure and function of the spinal cord

structures that protect the brain

structures that protect the spinal cord

define and describe the Nervous System diseases

basic functions of the skeletal system

the different types of bone and joints

some major bones of the human body

characteristics common to all muscles

• Distinguish between the different types of muscles

major muscles of the human body

• Explain the need for antagonistic pairs

common injuries and diseases of the Muscular Skeletal System