acids,bases and redox

what is the difference between a cation and a anion?

Cations are positively charged ions that form when an atom loses electrons, while anions are negatively charged ions formed when an atom gains electrons.

give examples of monovalent vs divalent cations

Monovalent cations include sodium ($Na^+$) and potassium ($K^+$ ), while divalent cations include calcium ($Ca^{2+}$) and magnesium ($Mg^{2+}$).

fill the gap: metals like iron and copper have ______ valencies (e.g., Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺)

variable

what is a zwitterion in amino acids?

a neutral molecule where both the amino and carboxylate groups are ionized,giving it both positive and negative charges.

what are the definitions of an acid and a base under the Brønsted-Lowry theory?

acid= proton(H+) donor

base+proton(H+) acceptor

fill in the gap: (bronsted-lowry theory) when an acid donates its proton, the chlorine ion (CL-) left behind is called its conjugate______

base

when an acid donates its proton, what does it become? conjugate_______

acid

fill in the gap:according to the Arrhenius theory,acids produce hydrogen ions, while bases produce ________ ions in solution.

hydroxide (OH-)

how does the lewis theory define acids and bases?

acid= electron pair acceptor.

base= electron pair donor

what are amphoteric substances?

substances that can act as either an acid or a base (like water)

fill in the gap: when hydrogen chloride (HCL) dissociates in water, it forms a chloride ion and a ________ ion (H₃O⁺)

Hydronium

what is the difference between a strong and a weak acid?

strong acid= dissociates/ionises completely

weak acid=dissociates incompletely (e.g.,acetic acid)

what does PH actually measure in a solution?

the concentration of free hydrogen/hydronium ions

fill in the gap: the most important extracellular fluid buffer system in the body is the __________ buffer system.

bicarbonate!

what exact bicarbonate to carbonic acid ratio must the blood maintain?

A 20:1 ratio

what does the mnemonic OIL RIG stand for?

oxidation is loss (of electrons),reduction is gain(of electrons)

fill in the gap: A substance that gives up electrons to become oxidised is called a ______ agent because it causes another species to be reduced.

Reducing

what are half reactions in redox chemistry?

The individual oxidation and reduction equations that always happen simultaneously.

fill in the gap:An important electron acceptor molecule used during cellular glycolysis is __________.

NAD⁺

What is the step by step pathway of oxygen reduction during glucose metabolism?

oxygen (O₂)—>superoxide—>hydrogen peroxide—>hydroxide ion (OH^--)—>water(H₂O).

what are dietary antioxidants chemically known for being?

Electron-rich molecules

fill in the gap:vitamin c reduces and reactivates metal containing enzymes (like iron and copper) which is essential for ______ synthesis.

collagen

why can’t humans, primates,and guinea pigs make their own vitamin C?

because their GULO gene is inactive.

give examples of common substances found at the extreme ends of the PH scale (PH 0-1 AND PH 13-14)

pH 0-1:hydrochloric acid(HCL) and stomach acid

PH (13-14) bleach and sodium hydroxide (NaOH).

fill the gaps:research showed that___________ supplements may actually may promote tumour growth and metastasis by neutralising oxidative stress that normally limits cancer spread.

antioxidant