Anatomy - Unit 1, Region 2, Lecture 2

Back Osteology and Terms

normal spine curvatures and degrees

cervical curvature, thoracic curvature, lumbar curvature, sacral curvature

typical vertebrae

cervical vertebrae

C1-C7, large foramen in middle, two small holes outside

thoracic vertebrae

T1-T12, curve in spine to make room for lungs/heart,

lumbar vertebrae

L1-L5, large and strong

sacral vertebrae

S1-S5, base of spine that fused together, posterior to pevlis

intervertebral discs

provides cushion between discs, connective tissue (annulus fibrosus) on outside, nucleus poposus on side (loose connective tissue)

ligaments that support vetebral column

ligamentum nuchae, ligamenta flava, anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments, tectorial membrane, transverse ligament of atlas

kyphosis

spinal disorder causing abnormally rounded upper back, humpback

lordosis

inward curve of spine at neck or lower back, swayback

scoliosis

sideways curve/twist of spine (10 degrees on x-ray)

parts of scapula

flat, triangular bone
acromion, coracoid process, supraspinatus fossa, infraspinatus fossa, glenoid fossa

ligaments between vertebral bodies

anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament

ligaments that attach the vertebral column to the skull

atlanto-occipital membrane and ligaments

ligaments attaching to vertebral processes

radiate ligament (bosy to transverse process, ribs), costotransverse ligament (ribs to transverse process), interspinous ligament (between adjacent spinous processes), supraspinous ligament (connecting end of all spinous processes), ligamentum flavum (internal surface of vertebral arches)

superficial extrinsic muscles

trapezius (3 parts), latissimus dorsi

central extrinsic muscles

levator scapulae, rhomboids major, rhomboids minor

intermediate extrinsic muscles (superficial breathing mucles)

serratus posterior superior, serratus posterior inferior, serratus anterior

posterior lateral back muscles

connect upper limbs to trunk and control limb movement.
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis (front), teres major, teres minor, serratus anterior (side), deltoid (posterior head)