lect 16 pt 2

How are prevertebral ganglia arranged in relation to the vertebral chain ganglia?

They also form a roughly parallel arrangement, but lie farther forward around the aorta rather than beside the vertebral column.

Where are terminal cranial ganglia located?

They are distributed in the head, near their effector organs.

What are intramural ganglia?

They are autonomic ganglia embedded in the walls of their effector organs.

Which autonomic divisions use vertebral chain and prevertebral ganglia?

The sympathetic division uses both types.

Which autonomic division uses terminal cranial and intramural ganglia?

The parasympathetic division uses both types.

How long are the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic pathway generally?

Preganglionic neurons are short, while postganglionic neurons are long.

How long are the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic pathway generally?

• Preganglionic neurons are long,

• while postganglionic neurons are short because the ganglia are near or within the effector organs.

Why are parasympathetic postganglionic neurons short?

Their ganglia are located close to the effector organs or embedded in the organs' walls.

What is another name for the parasympathetic division?

The craniosacral division.

Why is the parasympathetic division called craniosacral?

Its preganglionic neuron cell bodies originate in the brain and sacral spinal cord.

What is another name for the sympathetic division?

The thoracolumbar division.

Why is the sympathetic division called thoracolumbar?

Its preganglionic neuron cell bodies originate in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord.

Which ganglia are associated with the sympathetic division?

• Vertebral chain (paravertebral) ganglia

• prevertebral collateral ganglia.

Which ganglia are associated with the parasympathetic division?

• Terminal cranial ganglia

• intramural ganglia.

What is dual innervation?

most organs receive motor input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

Why do many organs receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic input?

The two divisions can produce opposing effects and adjust organ activity according to the body's needs.

How do the two autonomic divisions help maintain homeostasis?

They balance their levels of activity to increase or decrease different functions as needed.

Do the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions only maintain homeostasis?

No. They also adjust body functions to meet immediate demands, such as digesting food or escaping danger.

Does dual innervation mean that the two divisions always have identical effects?

No. They often have opposing effects on the same organ, allowing its activity to be adjusted in different directions.

Where are parasympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies located?

They are located in the brain and sacral spinal cord.

Which cranial nerves carry parasympathetic preganglionic fibers?

Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X: oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus.

Which cranial nerve carries parasympathetic signals to many organs outside the head?

The vagus nerve (CN X) extends beyond the head to organs including the heart, lungs, and many abdominal organs.

What other nerves carry parasympathetic signals besides cranial nerves?

Sacral spinal nerves also carry parasympathetic signals.

Where do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse?

They synapse in terminal cranial ganglia or intramural ganglia.

Which organs are associated with parasympathetic cranial ganglia?

These ganglia are located near effector organs in the head.

Which organs are associated with parasympathetic intramural ganglia?

They are embedded in the walls of organs, including thoracic and abdominal organs such as the heart, lungs, and intestines, as well as pelvic organs.

What is the general length arrangement of parasympathetic neurons?

Long preganglionic neurons and short postganglionic neurons.

What is the main functional state associated with the parasympathetic division?

A relaxed, homeostatic state commonly described as “rest and digest.”

What does the phrase “rest and digest” mean?

It describes a state in which the body is relaxed and supports digestion and other routine maintenance functions.

What is another phrase the lecturer uses to describe parasympathetic activity?

“Feed and breed,” referring to functions associated with feeding, digestion, and reproduction.