2100 Microbiology Exam 3

Human Microbiome

the sum total of all microbes found on and in humans

100 to 1,000

For every human cell that makes up your body are _____ bacteria cells associated with your body

Germ (bacteria) free

For all practical purposes humans are considered to be ____ at birth

Lactobacillus

Bacteria acquired when newborns when passing through birth canal

Yes (Maybe some Lactobacillus but not born with a normal flora)

Are humans considered to be germ free at birth?

Escherichia Coli

Soon after birth from environmental exposure and food, infants are colonized by what bacteria

Human milk; (Lactobacillus, and Streptococcus)

What fluid contains bacteria that help colonize the newborn gut

Very few

How many of the many species of bacteria that occur in nature can actually cause disease in humans?

Virulence

Refers to severity of disease caused by microbe

Attenuated

When a microbe has lost the ability to cause disease

Etiology

The study of the cause of a disease

Etiologic agent

A microbe that causes a specific disease or condition

Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus

Normal Flora of Skin: Predominate

MRSA

Normal Flora of Skin: 20% of people are carriers of this

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

MRSA

Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus, and Yeast (Candida albicans)

Normal Flora of Skin: Other microbes

100’s of different species; Streptococcus mutans

Normal flora in Mouth

Neisseria meningitidis

Normal flora in Nose

Normal flora in nose; causes meningococcal meningitis

Neisseria meningitidis

Escherichia coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Shigella

Normal flora in Large Intestine

Enterics

Normal flora of the large intestine (Escherichia Coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Shigella) are also called

Less

Small Intestine has ___ normal flora than Large Intestine

Even less than Small intestine

Stomach normal flora

some Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas

Lower Urinary and Genital system Normal Flora

If in wrong place in body can cause disease

All normal flora usually are not pathogenic but

Free of or have few bacteria

Most internal tissue, organs, etc. should be

Probiotics

Microorganisms that have claimed health benefits when consumed

Prebiotics

the thought that chemicals can promote growth of bacteria beneficial to the body

Staphylococcus and Streptococcus

What genera usually cause skin infections?

MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus)

Skin bacteria that are a major problem in post-surgical wound infections

Good hygiene

What practice lowers incidence of MRSA

Colonization

The bacteria is present but not making you sick or causing disease

Infection

Bacteria is present and is actively making you sick

Boil or abscess

A localized region of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue

Pus

Accumulation of dead phagocytes and bacteria and fluid

Inflammation

Host response to tissue damage characterized by redness, pain, heat, swelling

Folliculitis

Infection of hair follicles often appear as pimples

Impetigo

Superficial bacterial infection that causes the skin to flake or peel off, crusted skin on lesion; not a serious disease but can be highly contagious

• Occurs primarily in children

Newborns

Staphylococcus aureus causes impetigo in

Children 2 years or older

Streptococcus pyogenes (Beta hemolytic strep) causes impetigo in

Strep throat, Rheumatic fever, Scarlet fever, Impetigo, Toxic Shock Syndrome, Inner Ear Infections, Necrotizing fasciitis, PANDAS

Streptococcus pyogenes causes…

Scalded skin syndrome

Blistering and peeling of skin indicator of;

• Caused by staphylococcus aureus

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Normal flora of skin; common cause of dermatitis

• Associated with dirty hot tubs etc.

Dermatitis

Refers to any inflammation of the skin.

• many different forms and causes

• itchy rash and reddened, swollen skin

Swimmer’s Ear

Pseudomonas resistant to disinfectants such as chlorine so is primary cause of

Psuedomonas Aeruginosa

Bacteria major cause of death in burn patients and pneumonia in humans especially cystic fibrosis

Necrotizing fasciitis

Rare and serious condition when bacteria infect the layer of connective tissue below the skin (Fascia)

• flesh eating bacteria disease

• often follows minor cuts, abrasions, etc.

Streptococcus

Necrotizing fasciitis caused primarily by bacteria in the genus

Vibrio species

Other bacteria causing necrotizing fasciitis; most recently in seawater (Gulf Coast)

Toxic shock syndrome

When bacteria produce a potent toxin when able to multiply

• Associated with certain staphylococcus

Eye lids, outer surface of the eyeball

The eye has typically few numbers of normal flora such as staphylococcus on the…

Sterile Environment

The eye is not a

Conjunctivitis

Inflammation of the mucus membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the outer surface of the eyeball

variety of bacteria, viruses and other microbes—protozoa & fungi

What can cause Conjunctivitis?

Staphylococcus & Pseudomonas

Bacteria—most often associated with conjunctivitis

Neonatal gonorrheal ophthalmia

Serious form of conjunctivitis caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae acquired as newborn passes through birth canal

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

All newborns receive antibiotic in eye within one hour after birth as a precaution against ____ (first antibiotic)

• Live-attenuated

• Inactivated

• Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate

• Toxoid vaccines

4 main types of vaccines

Live-attenuated vaccines

Vaccines that uses a weakened (or attenuated) form of the germ that causes a disease

Risky for immunocompromised individuals, need to be kept cool (cannot be used without refrigeration)

Live vaccine limitations

Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR combined vaccine)

Rotavirus

Smallpox

Chickenpox

Yellow Fever

Live vaccines are used to protect against:

Inactivated vaccines

Vaccine that uses the killed version of the germ that causes a disease.

Thimerosal; Mercury

Some inactivated vaccines contain the preservative ____, which contains ____

• So, some contention say it affects nervous system and thus cause autism

Immunity; Boosters

Inactivated vaccines usually don’t provide ____ (protection) that’s as strong as live vaccines. So, you may need several doses (____) over time

• Hepatitis A

• Flu (shot only)

• Polio (shot only)

• Rabies

Inactivated vaccines are used to protect against:

Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines

Vaccines that uses specific pieces of the germ, like its protein, sugar, or capsid

• Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b) disease

• Hepatitis B

• HPV (Human papillomavirus)

• Whooping cough (part of the DTaP combined vaccine)

• Pneumococcal disease

• Meningococcal disease

• Shingles

Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines are used to protect against:

Toxoid vaccines

Vaccines that uses a toxin (harmful product) made by the germ that causes a disease; create immunity to the parts of the germ instead of the germ itself (boosters needed)

• Diphtheria

• Tetanus

Toxoid vaccines are used to protect against:

mRNA Vaccines

Uses mRNA protein to spur cells to produce viral proteins that simulate potent immune response

Covid-19

mRNA vaccine protects against:

Meningitis

Inflammation of the meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord) which is usually caused by an infection is called

A variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa

Meningitis can be caused by

Encephalitis

Inflammation in the brain itself which is usually caused by an infection is called

Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilis influenza, Streptococcus pneumonia

3 major causes of bacterial meningitis in US

Neisseria meningitidis

part of normal flora of nasopharynx in some individuals, Causes what is known as Meningococcal meningitis

Meningitidis vaccine

Vaccine used against Neisseria meningitidis—enhanced protection to meningitis caused by this bacterium

Haemophilis influenza

part of normal flora of throat, at one time thought to cause the flu

• Primarily a childhood disease—Hib vaccine

• Can cause bacterial meningitis

Streptococcus pneumonia

Can cause what is known as pneumococcal pneumonia and meningitis

• pneumococcal vaccine

Listeria monocytogenes

Can cause meningitis in elderly and immunocompromised

CSF (Cerebrospinal Fluid)

Diagnosis of bacterial meningitis—usually get ____ from Spinal Tap

Clostridium tetani

Spore forming bacteria; The toxin prevents the relaxation pathway, so muscles stay in contraction typically one of the first group of muscles affected are muscles in the jaw

• Old name of disease is lockjaw; now tetanus

Tetanus vaccine

Given to prevent clostridium tetani since 1940’s—if untreated very often fatal still a problem in many parts of the world

Clostridium botulinum

Spore former—common in environment—soil etc. Typically, if spores ingested not a problem

• Most often ingest preformed toxin in food—a form of food poisoning

Botulism

Disease where most cases a result of improper food preservation—failure to eliminate spores etc. Considered a rare disease caused by clostridium botulinum

Honey

Clostridium botulinum spore could germinate in ____, if ____ is given to a newborn it could germinate in their intestine and release a toxin and cause cause flaccid paralysis; SIDS?*

Mycobacterium leprae

Grows in peripheral nervous system nerves that connect outer part of body to CNS; Cause a disease known as leprosy—medical term is Hansen’s disease

bone reabsorbtion and disfigurement

Leprosy causes

No

Is Leprosy highly contagious

Armadillos

Natural host animals for mycobaterium leprae

Heart, blood, blood vessels

Where would you expect no bacteria in these areas under normal conditions

Septicemia

Presence of unwanted bacteria or bacterial products in the blood

Sepsis

Overwhelming body-wide inflammatory response to a pathogen or toxin

Septic shock

Most dangerous stage of sepsis in which a patient’s blood pressure may drop to point to the point that blood is not adequately propelled into tissue and organs leading to tissue death

Lymphangitis

Sepsis and septicemia are often accompanied by ____ which is inflammation of lymphatic vessels

Bacterial Endocarditis

Inflammation of this Endocardium, the inner tissue lining of the heart. Often a result of bacterial infection in blood-bacteria adhering to endocardial tissue

Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes

Bacteria usually involved in Bacterial Endocarditis and Acute Bacterial Endocarditis

Acute Bacterial Endocarditis

Bacteria colonize valves of heart—make them not function properly

Myocarditis

inflammation (infection) of the heart muscle itself

Pericarditis

inflammation (infection) of fluid filled sac around the heart