Food chemistry-honors bio unit 2

What is an element?

A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances, or changed into a different substance.

What is an atom?

The basic unit of a chemical element.

What is a molecule?

Two or more atoms bonded together.

What is a biomolecule?

-An organic molecule that is produced by organisms.

-The four main kinds of biomolecules are proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids.

What are carbohydrates?

A biomolecule consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

What is the ratio of carbohydrates?

1 carbon: 2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen (1:2:1).

What is the suffix of most carbohydrates?

-ose.

What are the three kinds of carbohydrates?

Sugars, starches, and fibers.

What are monosaccharides?

-Simple sugars. Monosaccharides serve as the building blocks for all carbohydrates.

-Examples: Glucose, fructose, and galactose.

What is a macromolecule?

A molecule containing a very large number of atoms.

What are disaccharides?

-A sugar formed from the linkage of two monosaccharides.

-Examples: Lactose, maltose, and sucrose.

What are polysaccharides?

-A carbohydrate which consists of many sugar molecules bonded together.

-Examples: Cellulose, starch, and glycogen.

What are three common names for lipids?

Fats, oils, and waxes.

What are three scientific names for lipids?

Triglycerides, diglycerides, and steroids.

What lipid is used for nerve tissue and hormones?

Steroids.

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

-Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature, while saturated fats are solid.

-Unsaturated fats have at least double bonds between carbon atoms, while saturated fats have singular bonds.

What is Hydrogenation?

The chemical reaction between molecular carbon and other compounds or elements.

What is food made up of?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and enzymes.

What elements make up lipids?

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and in some cases, nitrogen and phosphorus.

What are the (two) kinds of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA.

What elements do nucleic acids contain?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

What are the nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA?

DNA: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

RNA: Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine

Their bases are identical, except DNA has Thymine, and RNA has Uracil.

What is the shape of DNA?

A double helix.

What is the function of DNA and RNA?

-DNA: contains the instructions needed for a cell to survive, develop, and reproduce.

-RNA: contains core structural and enzymatic framework of the ribosome. RNA's primary function is to create proteins via translation.

Differences between DNA and RNA

-DNA is double stranded, while RNA is single stranded.

-RNA contains the sugar ribose, while DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose.

What elements do proteins contains?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

What is the bond between two amino acids called?

Peptide bond.

How many amino acids are there?

20.

Why is the number of proteins unlimited?

Because protein's chains are so long, meaning that there are endless variations to each chain.

What is the structure of an amino acid?

Central carbon atom, bonded to an amino group, a carboxyl group, and to a hydrogen atom.

What are four uses of proteins?

-They provide structure.

-Regulate bodily processes.

-Transport materials.

-Balance fluids.

What happens to protein if the pH is too low or too high? If the temperature is too high?

The shape of the protein may be altered.

Fatty acids are to lipids as \________ are to proteins.

Amino acids.

What are proteins synthesized from amino acids in long chains called:

Polypeptides.

What happens to about 60 percent of the energy released from glucose, which is not used to form ATP?

The energy is lost as heat.

What is an enzyme?

Enzymes are proteins, and are substances whose presence speeds up a chemical reaction between other substances.

The bond between two monosaccharides such as glucose and fructose is formed by the removal of what?

Water.

What type of reaction occurs to build macromolecules? What is removed?

Dehydration synthesis occurs, and water is removed.

What type of reaction occurs to break apart macromolecules? What is added?

A hydrolysis reaction occurs, and water is added.

What is an isotope?

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

What is a monomer?

A molecule that is the subunit of a polymer.

What is a polymer?

A molecule that is made up of many monomers.

What are the four macromolecules essential for life?

Carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins.

What are some examples of carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins?

Carbohydrates- Glucose, lactose, and fructose.

Nucleic acids- DNA and RNA.

Lipids- Fats, oils, and waxes.

Proteins- Enzymes.

What are the "building blocks" of each of the four kinds of macromolecules

Proteins- Amino acids.

Nucleic acids- Nucleotide.

Carbohydrates- Monosaccharides.

Lipids- Glycerol and fatty acids.

When you eat protein, it gets digested into smaller molecules called \____

Amino acids.

When you eat large carbohydrates (like starches), they get digested into smaller molecules called \_____

Glucose molecules.

Are enzymes essential to life?

Yes! Enzymes help facilitate biochemical reactions in organisms. Without them, life wouldn't be possible.

What does a glucose molecule look like?

What is the structure of a protein?

Long chains of amino acids, which fold into three dimensional shapes.

What is the structure of nucleic acids?

Long chains of nucleotides.

What is the suffix of most enzymes?

-ase.

What is the structure of a multicellular organism?

Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, multicellular organism.