Laboratory Techniques Gross Anatomy Exam

Prosencephalon

Forebrain: telencephalon and diencephalon

Mesencephalon

Midbrain

Rhombencephalon

Hindbrain: metencephalon and myelencephalon

Dorsal root

Sensory, cell body in ganglion

Ventral root

Motor, cell body in ventral horn

Number of spinal nerves

31

Meninges

Three membranes that surround the CNS

Dura mater

Outermost and hardest meninx

Arachnoid membrane

Middle meninx

Pia matter

Innermost and softest meninx

Subdural hematoma

Blood vessel rupture and blood collection between dura and arachnoid, leading to potential brain injury or death

Gyrus

Ridge on cerebrum surface

Sulcus

Groove on cerebrum surface

Fissure

Especially deep sulcus

Longitudinal fissure

Divides brain into hemispheres

Central sulcus

Coronal-plane sulcus running from lateral sulcus to longitudinal fissure

Precentral gyrus

Gyrus directly rostral of central sulcus, involved in voluntary movement

Postcentral gyrus

Gyrus directly caudal of central sulcus, involved in somatosensation

Lateral (Sylvian) fissure

Fissure on the side of either hemisphere forming the horizontal plane

Superior temporal gyrus

Audition/hearing

Cranial nerve I

Olfactory nerve

Cranial nerve II

Optic nerve

Cranial nerve III

Oculomotor nerve

Cranial nerve IV

Trochlear nerve

Cranial nerve V

Trigeminal nerve

Cranial nerve VI

Abducens nerve

Cranial nerve VII

Facial nerve

Cranial neve VIII

Vestibulocochlear nerve

Cranial nerve IX

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Cranial nerve X

Vagus nerve

Cranial nerve XI

Spinal accessory nerve

Cranial nerve XII

Hypoglossal nerve

Olfactory nerve

Sensory - olfaction

Optic nerve

Sensory - vision

Oculomotor nerve

Motor - eye movement

Trochlear nerve

Motor - eye movement

Trigeminal nerve

Sensory and motor - jaw movement and facial sensation

Abducens nerve

Motor - eye movement

Facial nerve

Sensory and motor - anterior tongue sensation, facial expression muscular movement and salivary/tear glands

Vestibulocochlear nerve

Sensory - vestibular and cochlear sensation

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Motor and sensory - taste and throat sensation, throat movement/swallowing

Vagus nerve

Afferent and efferent - Involuntary, visceral/organ control, some skin (behind ears) sensation

Spinal accessory nerve

Motor - neck muscle control

Hypoglossal nerve

Motor - tongue movement

Cerebrospinal fluid

Cushions brain, washes through brain

Ventricles

CSF-filled caverns/canals inside brain

Choroid plexus

Specialized tissue in ventricles that secretes CSF

Septum pellucidum

Vertical membrane that separates anterior horns of lateral ventricles; can be seen in midsaggital section

Medulla

Sensory relay nuclei, vital functions, all tracts to/from spinal cord/brain

Pons

Mediates hearing, vestibular, and taste functions, several tracts, and pontine reticular formation (sleep/arousal)

Cerebellum

Fine motor control

Tectum

Inferior and superior colliculus

Inferior colliculus

Receives auditory input

Superior colliculus

Receives visual input

Tegmentum

Substantia nigra and reticular formation

Substantia nigra

High dopamine producing cell density; loss of dopamine cells can lead to Parkinson’s

Reticular formation

Vital function integration/relay center

Periaqueductal gray

Pain modulation

Diencephalon

Thalamus (dorsal) and hypothalamus (ventral)

Thalamus

Sensory relay to neocortex

Hypothalamus

Autonomic NS control, motivated behaviors, endocrine control via pituitary gland

Telencephalon

Medial prefrontal cortex, limbic system, hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia,

Medial prefrontal cortex

Social behaviors, working memory, executive function

Limbic system

Mediates emotion, memory, and social behaviors (olfactory bulbs, cingulate cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, fornix, mammillary body, parahippocampal \n gyrus)

Hippocampus

Learning and memory

Amygdala

Aggressiveness, fear, anxiety, other emotions

Basal ganglia

Mediates motor, learning, and reward functions

Mammillary bodies

Commisure

Bundle

Collection of axons

Capsule

Group of axons that connects cerebrum to brainstem

Fornix

Connects mammillary bodies to hippocampus

Internal capsule

White matter tract, separates caudate from putamen

Precentral gyrus

Pyramids

Point of

Vertebral artery

Carotid artery

Rostral up the neck

External carotid

Blood supply to rest of head

Basilar artery

Convergence of two halves of vertebral artery; passes through pons and medulla,

Blood brain bar

Brodmann’s areas

Brodmann’s area 4

Primary motor cortex

Brodmann’s

Brodmann’s areas 41 & 42

Primary auditory cortex