Exam 3 - pelvic cavity cats & clinical notes

inguinal hernias

may occur through inguinal canal

perineal hernias

breakdown of pelvic diaphragm muscles, especially levator anni m.

paranal sinuses

frequently become plugged or abcessed and require digital expression

external an@l sphincter m.

important landmark for perineal hernia repair and an@l sacculectomy

prostate gland

varies in size and shape between individuals, normally has a mid-dorsal groove which is palpable via digital rectal examination

benign prostatic hyperplasia

enlarged prostate in intact older males in response to hormones (can also be cancerous); results in difficulty urinating and defecating

ovariohysterectomy

spay procedure - suspensory ligament is broken, broad ligament with ovarian and uterine vessels are ligated and transected along with the uterus/uterine vessels, ovaries and uterus as far as the cervix are removed

urinary catheterization

trying to put a urinary catheter into clitoral fossa will create frustration; speculum should be directed dorsally to miss clitoral fossa and so that external urethral orifice can be observed on the urethral tubercle

feline urinary bladder

has a long tubular neck so that the body and apex are located in the caudoventral abdomen when empty; junction of urethra and bladder is defined by the proximal border of the striated urethralis m.

tomcat prostate

located at the beginning of the pelvic urethra, does not surround the pelvic urethra and does not enlarge with age

feline bulbourethral glands

well-developed in intact cats, not present in dogs

feline uterus

ovarian bursa more open, mesosalpinx does not accumulate fat → uterine tube can be easily identified and followed from the infundibulum to the uterus, no vestibular bulbs but does have major vestibular glands that lubricate uterus during estrus