Gram-positive rod, endospore-forming bacteria

Bacillus anthracis causes ___________

Anthrax

Anthrax is contracted when an organism ingests/inhales __________

spores

Pathogenesis of anthrax always starts with _______ because when contact with _______ bacillus anthracis sporulates

• spores

• air

After ingestion of bacillus anthracis spores what happens

massive septicemia and toxemia

Organisms infected with anthrax typically die due to ___________

toxic shock

Normally an anthrax infection is __________ but if the bacteria is depositied in a deep wound it can cause a _________ infection

• systemic

• local

What is a local anthrax infection called

malignant carbuncle

What are the virulence factors of bacillus anthracis

• endospores

• capsule polypeptide

• anthrax toxin

What type of toxin is anthrax toxin and what does it due to an infected cell?

• A-B type toxin

• dysregulates the cell

What makes up the anthrax exotoxin complex

• Factor 1

• factor 2

• Factor 3

Factor 1 of anthrax toxin also known as ________ utilizes _______________ to cause tissue swelling

• edema factor

• calmodulin activated adenyl cyclase

Factor 2 of anthrax toxin is also known as a _______ and acts as the __________ device for factor 1 and factor 3

• protective antigen

• delivery

factor 3 of anthrax toxin is also known as the ____________ which stops metabolic functions through destruction of _____________

• lethal factor

• MAPKK

If factor 1 and factor 3 of anthrax are present in the blood stream by themselves would the animal be in danger of dying?

no

Anthrax exotoxin needs what factor in order to be able to infect cells and actually harm the host

factor 2

What are the 5 outcomes of anthrax exotoxin complex activity

• increases cell permeability

• causes plasma leakage

• damages or kills phagocytes

• damages platelet clotting mechanisim

• respiratory failure and anoxia due to CNS impairment

What animals are most susceptible to anthrax pathogenesis

• cattle

• sheep

• human

Due to infection of ___________ macrophages launch a burst of _______________ activity

• anthrax factor 3

• inflammatory and oxidative

In order to have hope of recovery anthrax infections need to be caught _________

early

There is a chance if anthrax infection is caught late that administration of __________ could accelerate problems due to _______ bacteria and releasing more ________

• antibiotics

• lysing

• toxins

the best way to prevent anthrax is to destroy the ____________

endospores

What agent is the vaccine based on for anthrax

factor 2

Since anthrax is a __________ disease government intervention is required to intervene?

category A

Botulism is caused by what?

Clostridium botulinum

What are the tow types of botulism that can occur?

• foodborne botulism

• wound botulism

Instead of infection what is foodborne botulism considered?

intoxication

Clostridium botulinum toxins are formed in a ________ environment

anaerobic

Botulism toxins are considered a _____ which inhibit which neurotransmitter release

• neurotoxin

• acetylcholine

Botulism causes ______ of all muscles but causes death due to _______ of respiratory muscles

• flaccid paralysis

• paralysis

Botulism toxin is considered the most _______ toxin

potent

What are the virulence factors of C. botulinum

• endospores

• botulism toxin

C. botulinum has a two part exotoxin(A-B) with its active portion (A) consisting of an ______________

endopeptidase

The specific pathogenesis of the botulism toxin is to digest one of three ______ that mediate ____________

• synaptic proteins

• exocytosis of neurotransmitters

The synaptic proteins are also known as the _________ proteins

snare

Different serotypes of botulism toxin have different _______ on the snare proteins

cleavages

What animal species are not susceptible at all to botulism toxin

• cats

• pigs

The best way to diagnose botulism in a laboratory setting is to inject _____ into _________

• serum or stool

• mice

C. botulinum is an _____________ bacteria that germinates under ___________ conditions

• obligate anaerobic

• anaerobic

The main reservoir of botulism is in the ______ and toxins can be concentrated in ____________

• soil

• resistant invertebrates

The only way to prevent botulism is to Immunize yourself to a ____________

specific toxoid

What other species of clostridium is like C.botulinum is non invasive and does not lyse the cell?

C. tetani

What other species of clostridium is less potent, invasive and does lyse the cell

• hemolyticum

• chauvoei

• novyi

• perfringens

• septicum

• difficle

C. tetani is obtained through _________ and causes _____________ in the CNS

• wound infection

• spastic paralysis

The less potent clostridium strains are capable of maintaining their own _______________ causing them to lyse the cell and ___________

• anaerobic environment

• necrotize

What strain of clostridium causes bovine bacillary hemoglobinuria

hemolyticum

What strain of clostridium causes black leg?

chauvoei

What strain of clostridium causes infectious necrotic hepatitis

novyi

What strain of clostridium causes gas gangrene and enterotoxaemia

Perfringes

what strain of clostridium causes malignant edema due to not causing necrosis

septicum

what strain of clostridium causes ulcerative colitis and formations of pseudomembranes

difficile