Musculoskeletal System

articulation

Place of union between two or more bones; also called joint

hematopoiesis

Production and development of blood cells, normally in the bone marrow

ligaments

Connective tissue that surrounds the joint capsule to bind bones to other bones

tendons

Connective tissue that binds muscle to bone on either side of a joint

Skeletal muscles

attached to bones and provide the means for movement, voluntary muscles, striated muscles

Smooth muscles

esponsible for assisting internal processes, such as digestion, circulation, and urination; visceral muscles, involuntary muscles

Cardiac muscle

found only in the heart wall, where it forms the myocardium; striated, rhythmic involuntary contractions

short bones

somewhat cube-shaped and are nearly equal in length and width; wrist (carpals) & ankles (tarsals)

irregular bones

bones that cannot be classified as short or long because of their complex shapes; vertebrae and the bones of the middle ear

flat bones

broad surfaces for muscular attachment or protection for internal organs; bones of the skull, shoulder blades, and sternum

long bones

found in the extremities of the body, such as the legs, arms, and fingers- have regular, well-defined shapes; each bone has 3 main parts: diaphysis, medullary cavity & distal/proximal epiphyses

diaphysis

the shaft, or long, main portion of a bone. It consists of compact bone that forms a cylinder and surrounds a central canal

medullary cavity

filled with “yellow bone marrow,” so named because it is composed mainly of blood vessels and fatty tissue

distal epiphysis and proximal epiphyses

two ends of the bones; both ends have a somewhat bulbous shape to provide space for muscle and ligament attachments near the joints- each one consists of three layers of tissue: articular cartilage, compact bone, spongy bone

articular cartilage

thin outer layer of cartilage where bones meet to form joints

epiphyseal line

area of cartilage constantly being replaced by new bone tissue as the bone grows and that is responsible for lengthening bones during childhood and adolescence and calcifies and disappears when the bone has achieved its full growth

compact bone

thick, dense layer; hard

spongy/ cancellous bone

less dense than compact bone and is filled with red bone marrow, so named because it is composed mainly of blood cells in various stages of development

periosteum

dense, white, fibrous membrane, covers the remaining surface of the bone. It contains numerous blood and lymph vessels and nerves. In growing bones, the inner layer contains osteoblasts. provides a means for bone repair and general bone nutrition; also serves as a point of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons.

osteoblasts

bone-forming cells

axial skeleton

divided into three major regions: skull, rib cage, and vertebral column. It contributes to the formation of body cavities and provides protection for internal organs, such as the brain, spinal cord, and organs enclosed in the thorax

sutures

the lines of junction between two bones, especially of the skull, and are usually immovable

fontanels

“soft spots”, permit some movement between the bones that enables an infant’s skull to pass more easily through the birth canal. eventually, they close as the cranial bones grow together

frontal bone

forms the anterior portion of the skull- forehead

parietal bone(s)

situated on each side of the skull just behind the frontal bone. Together they form the upper sides and roof of the cranium. Each bone meets the frontal bone along the coronal suture

occipital bone

forms the back and base of the skull. It contains an opening in its base through which the spinal cord passes.

temporal bone(s)

one on each side of the skull, form part of the lower cranium; each has a complicated shape that contains various cavities and recesses associated with the internal ear (essential part of the organ of hearing and balance); bones projects downward to form the mastoid process, which provides a point of attachment for several neck muscles

sphenoid bone

located at the middle part of the base of the skull, forms a central wedge that joins with all other cranial bones, holding them together

ethmoid bone

the anterior cranial bone located between the nasal cavity and parts of the orbits of the eyes

mandible

lower jaw bone- NOT joined by a suture

maxillae

paired upper jawbones fused in the midline by a suture, they form the upper jaw and hard palate (roof of the mouth). If they do not fuse properly before birth, a congenital defect called cleft palate results

vomer

single, thin bone that forms the lower part of the nasal septum

lacrimal bones

located at the corner of each eye. These thin, small bones unite to form the groove for the lacrimal sac and canals through which the tear ducts pass into the nasal cavity

nasal bones

Two thin, nearly rectangular bones; lie side by side and are fused medially, forming the shape and the bridge of the nose.

paranasal sinuses

cavities located within the cranial and facial bones. As their names imply, the frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary sinuses are named after the bones in which they are located

thoracic cage

consists of 12 pairs of ribs, all attached to the spine

cervical vertibrae

form the skeletal framework of the neck

atlas

first cervical vertebra; supports the skull

axis

The second cervical vertebra; makes possible the rotation of the skull on the neck.

thoracic vertebrae

12 vertebrae under the cervical vertebrae; support the chest and serve as a point of articulation for the ribs.

lumbar vertebrae

5 vertebrae under the thoracic vertebrae; situated in the lower back area and carry most of the weight of the torso

sacrum

five sacral vertebrae, which are fused into a single bone in the adult

coccyx

The tail of the vertebral column consists of four or five fragmented fused vertebrae

intervertebral disks

flat, round structures; composed of a fibrocartilaginous substance with a gelatinous mass in the center (nucleus pulposus)

Appendicular Skeleton

consists of bones of the upper and lower limbs and their girdles, which attach the limbs to the axial skeleton; protects internal organs and provides central support for the body- enables body movement

pectoral girdle

consists of two bones, the anterior (1) clavicle (collarbone) and the posterior (2) scapula (triangular shoulder blade). The primary function is to attach the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton and provide attachments for muscles that aid upper limb movements; forms the shoulders

upper limbs

The skeletal framework of each includes the arm, forearm, and hand. Anatomically speaking, the arm is only that part between the shoulder and elbow. Each appendage consists of the humerus (upper arm bone) as well as the radius and ulna, the two bones that constitute the forearm and articulate at the elbow with the humerus. The bones of each hand include eight carpals (wrist), five radiating metacarpals (palm), and ten radiating phalanges (fingers).

pelvic girdle

“hip bone”; basin-shaped structure that attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton. supports the trunk of the body and provides protection for lower organs of digestion and urinary and reproductive structures; the bones of males are larger and heavier and possess larger surface markings than those of females of comparable age and physical stature. females’ are shallower than the males but wider in all directions. have the ilium, ischium, and pubis (innominate bone)

acetabulum

deep socket of the hip joint; joins the pubis

symphysis pubis

bladder is located behind

sacrum & coccyx

rectum is locacted behind

lower limbs

support the complete weight of the erect body and are subjected to exceptional stresses, especially in running or jumping- stronger and thicker than comparable bones of the upper limbs.

There are three parts of each: the thigh, the leg, and the foot. The thigh consists of a single bone called the femur. It is the largest, longest, and strongest bone in the body. The leg= tibia and the fibula. A small triangular bone, the patella (kneecap), is located anterior to the knee joint. The seven tarsals (ankle bones); bones of each foot include the metatarsals, which consists of five small long bones numbered 1 to 5 beginning with the great toe on the medial side of the foot, and the much smaller phalanges (toes).

Joints/ Articulations

To allow for body movements, bones must have points where they meet (articulate); have various degrees of mobility. contains a lubrication fluid (synovial fluid) that nourishes and protects. There are three types; all are necessary for smooth, coordinated body movements.

diarthroses

Freely movable joints; encased in a sleevelike extension of the periosteum, such as the hinge joints of the elbow (between the humerus and ulna)

amphiarthroses

Slightly movable joints; between two bones connected by ligaments or elastic cartilage, such as those between the vertebrae

synarthroses

Immovable joints; have no mobility, such as those that constitute the sutures of the skull

leiomy/o

smooth (visceral) muscle

muscul/o or my/o

muscle

rhabd/o

rod-shaped (striated)

rhabdomy/o

rod-shaped (striated) muscle

brachi/o

arm

carp/o

wrist

cephal/o

head

cervic/o

neck

clavicul/o

clavicle

cost/o

ribs

crani/o

skull

dactyl/o

fingers/toes

humer/o

humerus

metacarp/o

hand bones

phalang/o

bones of the fingers and toes

radi/o

radiation, x-ray; radius (lower arm bone on the thumb side)

spondyl/o or vertebr/o

vertebrae (backbone)

stern/o

sternum (breastbone)

thorac/o

chest

calcane/o

heel bone

femor/o

thigh bone

fibul/o

smaller bone of lower leg- fibula

ili/o

ilium (lateral, flaring portion of the hip bone)

ischi/o

ischium (lower portion of the hip bone)

lumb/o

loins (lower back)

metatars/o

metatarsus (foot bones)

patell/o

patella (kneecap)

pelv/i or pelv/o

pelvis

pod/o

foot

pub/o

pubis (anterior part of the pelvic bone)

tibi/o

tibia (larger bone of the lower leg)

ankyl/o

stiffness; bent, crooked

fasci/o

band, fascia (fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles)

kyph/o

hunchback

lord/o

swayback

myel/o

bone marrow; spinal cord

ped/o or ped/i

foot/ child

scoli/o

crooked, bent

ten/o or tendin/o or tend/o

tendon

-asthenia

weakness, debility

-clast ot -clasia

to break; surgical fracture

-desis

binding, fixation (of a bone or joint)

-porosis

porous

-sarcoma

malignant tumor of connective tissue