AP Bio Unit 2 (not done)

What things are found in all cells? (prokaryotic and eukaryotic)

ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell membrane, genetic information

What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

prokaryotic: unicellular organisms, less complex (simple structure), smaller, lack membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotic: multicellular organisms, more complex, bigger, contain membrane bound organelles

What is a membrane-bound organelle?

Specialized subunit within the cell that performs a specific job that is enclosed by a lipid bilayer membrane

Describe the cytoplasm

gel-like fluid that fills the cell and gives it shape

Describe the cell membrane

flexible barrier around a cell that controls what goes in and out

Describe the ribosomes

small structures that are responsible for protein synthesis

describe genetic information

carries the information to control of cellular processes, growth, and reproduction

Describe the rough ER

Folded, membrane bound sacs

Provides structural support, divides cell

Holds ribosomes So helps with protein synthesis

describe the smooth ER

smooth network tubes

Synthesizes essential lipids

Detoxifies

Abundant in liver cells

Describe the golgi Body/apparatus

Folded/flattened membrane sacs

Sorts, modifies, and ships proteins

describe the nucleus

Contains DNA

Regulates growth and metabolism

describe the mitochondria

Double membrane organelles —> going to increase surface area

Folded inner membrane

Energy production (ATP) during cellular respiration

Has its own DNA + ribosomes

describe the lysosomes

typically found more so in animal cells

Membrane bound, contains enzymes

Break down waste and cellular materials

The “recyclers”

describe the vacuole

sac filled with water

Stores watermelon structural support

Plants contain one central big vacuole

Animals contain many smaller vacuoles

Describe chloroplasts

only found in plant cells

Double membrane

Absorbs light for photosynthesis

describe the cell wall

only found in plant cells

Rigid exterior of cell

Made of cellulose

Provides shape, supports, structure

What happens when a cell is too big

It has a hard time exchanging materials

describe the plasma membrane

Contains the phospholipid bilayer and fluid mosaic model

The cell membrane is found in all cells

It exports materials and prevents harmful materials from entering the cell

Describe what the fluid mosaic model is and what structures are in it

The fluid mosaic model the structure of the cell (plasma) membrane as a flexible lipid bilayer with a diverse ‘mosaic’ of proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates embedded within or attached to it. It contains transport proteins, glycoproteins and cholesterol.

Describe the structure of the phospholipid bilayer

Phospholipids are arranged in 2 rows

Hydrophilic (polar) heads point out

Hydrophobic (non polar) heads point in

Bilayer is flexible and fluid

Describe transport proteins

channels for specific molecules to pass through

describe glycoproteins

have carbohydrate chains attached to them.

Aid in signaling, cell to cell recognition, etc.

Describe cholesterol

Help maintain proper membrane fluidity

what is the cell membrane primarily composed of

Phospholipids

What does it mean for the membrane to be permeable?

It means it only lets certain molecules in and out of the membrane

what types of molecules can go directly through the membrane via simple diffusion?

small, nonpolar molecules

what types of molecules have to go through via facilitated diffusion?

polar, charged, or large molecules

why can some molecules go through the membrane via simple diffusion, while others need to do facilitated diffusion?

Because the phospholipid bilayer is mostly non-polar, nonpolar stuff goes through easier. Also, the channels are small so only small molecules can go through.

Can water go through the bilayer directly?

Yes, but its a lot slower than if it were to utilize a transport proteins.

What the difference between peripheral proteins and integral proteins?

Integral proteins are embedded within the phospholipid bilayer, while peripheral proteins are attached to the surface of the bilayer

What is simple diffusion

A type of passive transport

The movement of molecules across the membrane from high to low concentration

what is facilitated diffusion

a type of passive transport

The movement of molecules across a membrane from high to low concentration through a transport protein

What is osmosis

a type of passive transport

Movement of water molecules across a membrane from high to low concentration

What is concentration gradient

the difference in particle concentration between areas

When all molecules are equally distributed, it is known as dynamic equilibrium

What is passive transport

The movement of molecules without the use of energy

Molecules move down a concentration gradient

Particles naturally move from high concentration to low concentration

what is the natural movement of particles across a concentration gradient

high concentration to low concentration

What is solute concentration in relation to water concentration

higher water concentration = lower solute concentration and vice versa

where will water move in osmosis regarding water concentration and solute concentration

Water will move to the place with the lower water concentration and the higher solute concentration

what is tonicity

Tonicity explores how external solutions can charge a cell’s volume by causing water to flow in or out of the cell

What are the three types of solutions

hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic

what is a hypertonic solution

has a higher solute concentration than the cell, causing water to flow out of the cell

What is a hypotonic solution

Has a lower solute concentration than the cell, causing water to flow into the cell

What is an isotonic solution

Has equal solute concentration to the cell, causing water to flow into and out of the cell

What are the three types of transport proteins?

channel proteins, carrier proteins, and aquaporins

Describe channel proteins

describe carrier proteins

describe aquaporins

what are the two main categories of active transport

bulk transport and protein pumps

What are the two types of bulk transport

Describe exocytosis

describe Endocytosis

what are the three types of Endocytosis

describe how movement goes against the gradient with protein pumps

Describe pinocytosis

type of Endocytosis

Describe phagocytosis

type of Endocytosis

describe receptor mediated Endocytosis

describe osmoregulation

What is osmolarity

what are pH levels in lysosomes? How does this help them function?

Describe plasmolysis vs cytolysis