BMED-460 Review Terms

Hyperglycemia causes

hypertension, neuropathy, retinopathy.

Hyperglycemia

high blood glucose levels resulting from the body not producing enough insulin

hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp

tests how sensitive the body is to insulin by injecting insulin through an IV to a controlled level. At the same time, glucose is dosed as needed to keep the blood glucose level normal.

Triglyceride

three fatty acids and glycerol

Types of Cellular Receptors

Ion channel receptor, nuclear receptor, G-protein coupled receptor, receptor tyrosine kinase.

Ion channel receptor

Ligand opens ion channel

Nuclear receptor

Ligand binds transcription factor

G-Protein Coupled receptor

Ligand causes GTP-binding proteins to activate enzyme

Functions of GTP

provides energy when hydrolyzed to GDP +P, on/off switch for G proteins

GTP Translation

GTP-powered factors help the ribosome move along mRNA and bring aminoacyl-tRNAs into the ribosome as protein is made.

GTP Cell migration

GTPases help regulate cytoskeletal changes

GTP Intracellular Trafficking

GTPases help vesicles bud, move, dock, and fuse with the correct organelle

Neuromuscular primary function

contraction

Neuromuscular secondary function

Locomotion, ventilation, protection, thermoregulation, glucose storage.

Myopathies

movement disorders, immobility, death.

Malignant hyperthermia

Certain anesthesia drugs can make susceptible muscles get stuck in overdrive: they cannot relax, they burn fuel extremely fast, and the body overheats

Malignant hyperthermia symptoms

increase in co2 (Hypercapnia), muscle rigidity, acidosis, temperature increase, Tachycardia

Correlation

Do A and B occur together?

Necessary

Do we need A for B to occur?

Sufficient

Can A cause B?

Independent variable

What you intentionally change

Dependent variable

What you measure the result of

Depolarization

Na+ influx, inside of cell becomes more positive. Higher concentration outside the cell.

Repolarization

K+ efflux, inside of cell becomes more negative, higher concentration inside the cell

Neurotransmitter signalling and Cellular control of insulin

In both beta cells and presynaptic neurons, membrane depolarization opens voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels. Ca²⁺ influx then triggers secretory vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents by exocytosis