Lipids galing kay maam

Lipids are classified into Fatty Acids, Glycerides, Nonglyceride Lipids, and Complex Lipids (Lipoproteins).

Classification of Lipids

Fatty Acids

Lipids categorized into Saturated and Unsaturated fatty acids.

Glycerides

Lipid esters containing glycerol and fatty acids, divided into Neutral glycerides and Phosphoglycerides.

Nonglyceride Lipids

Lipids not derived from glycerol, including Waxes, Sphingolipids, and Steroids.

Complex Lipids

Lipids that include Lipoproteins.

Saturated Fatty Acids

Long-chain monocarboxylic acids with the general formula CH3(CH2)nCOOH, where n in biological systems is an even integer.

Example of Saturated Fatty Acid Formula

If n = 16 in CH3(CH2)nCOOH, the formula yields an 18-carbon saturated fatty acid.

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds.

Palmitoleic Acid

An unsaturated fatty acid with formula CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7CO2H and a melting point of 0°C.

Oleic Acid

An unsaturated fatty acid with formula CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CO2H and a melting point of 13°C.

Linoleic Acid

An unsaturated fatty acid with formula CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)2(CH2)6CO2H and a melting point of -5°C.

Linolenic Acid

An unsaturated fatty acid with formula CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)3(CH2)6CO2H and a melting point of -11°C.

Arachidonic Acid

An unsaturated fatty acid with formula CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)4(CH2)2CO2H and a melting point of -49°C.

Esterification

Reaction where fatty acids react with an alcohol to form esters and water.

Acid Hydrolysis

The reverse reaction of esterification that produces fatty acids from esters.

Saponification

Base-catalyzed hydrolysis of an ester.

Neutral Glycerides

A type of glyceride that is nonionic and nonpolar.

Phosphoglycerides

A type of glyceride with molecules that have a polar region and a phosphate group.

Sphingolipids

Lipids that are not derived from glycerol, are amphipathic (containing a polar head group and two nonpolar fatty acid tails), and are derived from sphingosine.

Sphingosine

A long-chain, nitrogen-containing (amino) alcohol that serves as the backbone for sphingolipids.

Sphingomyelins

Sphingolipids located throughout the body that serve as an essential structural component of nerve cell membranes.

Waxes

A diverse group of organic compounds that are water-resistant, lipophilic ("fat-loving"), and solid or malleable at room temperature with melting points typically above 40°C (104°F).

Lanolin

A wax used as a protective coating for hair and skin, as well as in skin creams and ointments.

Carnauba Wax

A wax used as automotive polish.

Whale Oil (Spermaceti Wax)

A wax used in ointments and candles.

Prostaglandins in Reproductive System

PGE2 stimulates muscle contraction, particularly uterine contractions, with increased levels noted immediately before labor onset.

Prostaglandins in Gastrointestinal Tract

Inhibits acid secretion and increases secretion of a protective mucus layer into the stomach.

Prostaglandins in Kidneys

Prostaglandins produced in the kidneys cause renal blood vessels to dilate.

Cortisone Function

Important to the proper regulation of a number of biochemical processes.

Cortisone Medical Uses

Used in treating rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, gastrointestinal disorders, skin conditions, and a variety of other diseases.

Cortisone Possible Effects

Fluid retention, sodium retention, and potassium loss.

Cortisone Side Effects

Muscle weakness, osteoporosis, peptic ulcers, vertigo, headache, and convulsions.

Tay-Sachs Disease

A rare, fatal, inherited neurodegenerative disorder.

Cause of Tay-Sachs Disease

Caused by a mutation in the HEXA gene on chromosome 15.

Enzyme Deficiency in Tay-Sachs Disease

Deficiency of the enzyme beta-hexosaminidase A (Hex A).