PCH 200 EXAM #3

Which group contains only fat-soluble vitamins?:

a. A, D, E, K

b. B vitamins and C

c. C, D, K

d. B12 and folate

a. A, D, E, K

A patient has fat malabsorption. Which vitamins are most directly at risk?:

a. B1 and C

b. A, D, E, K

c. B12 only

d. folate only

b. A, D, E, K

Why does dietary fat support absorption of vitamins A, D, E, and K?:

a. it converts them into electrolytes

b. they are absorbed along with dietary lipids

c. it prevents digestion

d. it increases urinary excretion

b. they are absorbed along with dietary lipids

Bioavailability means:

a. amount listed on the food label

b. amount stored only in the liver

c. proportion absorbed and available for use

d. amount lost in sweat

c. proportion absorbed and available for use

Which sequence is correct?:

a. chylomicron → micelle → stomach

b. micelle delivers lipid products to intestinal cells; chylomicrons enter lymph

c. intrinsic factor → bile → kidney

d. blood → stomach → micelle

b. micelle delivers lipid products to intestinal cells; chylomicrons enter lymph

Which is NOT typical of fat-soluble vitamins? D. Generally rapidly excreted in urine with little storage

Why can excessive fat-soluble vitamin intake cause toxicity? A. They are stored and can accumulate

A person eats enough vitamin D but has severe fat malabsorption. What is a possible explanation? B. Vitamin D may not be absorbed effectively

Which statement about fat-soluble vitamin storage is best? B. Storage can maintain supply but also allow accumulation

Why are newborns given vitamin K? C. Low newborn stores increase bleeding risk

Which set is water-soluble? B. B vitamins and vitamin C

Which water-soluble vitamin is a major storage exception? C. Vitamin B12

Which is NOT a cooking/storage factor that can damage water-soluble vitamins? D. Intrinsic factor

Why might boiling vegetables and discarding the water reduce vitamin content? A. Some water-soluble vitamins leach into the water

Why can some water-soluble vitamin deficiencies appear sooner? B. Many have limited stores and regular losses

How can bariatric surgery increase deficiency risk? B. It can change stomach acid, intrinsic factor, or absorptive area

Alcohol misuse can affect vitamin status by: B. Affecting intake, absorption, storage, and use

Intrinsic factor is: C. A stomach-produced protein needed for B12 absorption

Low stomach acid may impair: A. Release of B12 from food proteins

Growth and pregnancy can increase nutrient needs because: A. Tissue development raises demands

Major minerals differ from trace minerals because they are: B. Required in larger daily amounts

An electrolyte is a substance that: A. Carries an electrical charge in body fluids

Osmosis is the movement of: B. Water across a selectively permeable membrane toward higher solute concentration

A fluid compartment has more dissolved particles than the compartment next to it. Water tends to: A. Move toward the higher-solute compartment

ADH signals the kidneys to: B. Conserve water by increasing reabsorption

When ADH rises, urine generally becomes: B. More concentrated and lower in volume

Which can increase water needs? A. Heat, exercise, fever, altitude

Which can be an early sign of mild dehydration? A. Thirst and darker urine

Which finding is most concerning for severe dehydration? C. Confusion or fainting

Hyponatremia means: B. Low blood sodium

Which behavior can increase risk of hyponatremia during prolonged exercise? A. Excessive plain-water intake relative to sodium losses

Which statement is TRUE? C. Hyponatremia involves low blood sodium and is not identical to dehydration

Alcohol can contribute to fluid loss because it can: A. Suppress ADH and increase urine production

Which is NOT a major route of water loss? D. Chylomicrons

Which groups are especially vulnerable to dehydration? A. Infants, older adults, athletes

Why may older adults be at increased risk? B. Thirst response may be reduced

Which best describes DASH? C. Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lower-sodium choices

Which can reduce absorption of some minerals? B. Phytates and oxalates

A compound in a meal binds a mineral in the intestine. What may happen? A. Mineral absorption may decrease

A mineral acting as an enzyme cofactor means it: A. Helps an enzyme function

When the body is deficient in some minerals, it may: B. Increase absorption or conserve the mineral

Which statement about excess mineral intake is best? B. High supplemental amounts may interfere with other minerals

Why might some minerals from animal foods be more bioavailable? A. Food form and matrix can favor absorption

Which can affect mineral uptake? A. GI conditions and certain medications

How do kidneys regulate mineral balance? A. By changing reabsorption and urinary excretion

Where does most mineral absorption occur? B. Small intestine

Why is mineral toxicity often linked to supplements? A. Supplements can deliver concentrated repeated doses

A patient takes a high-dose mineral supplement while also using a multivitamin. What should be considered? A. Total intake from all products and possible interactions

A person with intestinal disease has low mineral status despite eating a varied diet. Best explanation? A. Intestinal absorption may be impaired

Which pairing is correct? A. ADH—water conservation by kidneys

Which is the best distinction between micelles and chylomicrons? B. Micelles deliver lipid products to intestinal surface; chylomicrons transport absorbed lipids into lymph

Which statement is NOT correct? D. All water-soluble vitamins are stored in large amounts

A person drinks excessive plain water during prolonged exercise and develops low blood sodium. The condition is: A. Hyponatremia

A patient has low B12 after a condition affecting stomach cells that make intrinsic factor. What mechanism is likely? A. Impaired B12 absorption

Which is the best overall description of mineral bioavailability? B. It is affected by mineral form, food matrix, nutrient status, and interactions

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fat-soluble vitamins?:

a. easily excreted in urine

b. stored in fat and liver

c. absorbed with dietary fat

d. transported through the lymph

Which vitamin deficiency is the leading cause of preventable blindness in children worldwide?:

a. vitamin D

b. vitamin K

c. vitamin A

d. vitamin E

What is the main function of vitamin K?:

a. antioxidant protection

b. calcium absorption

c. vision in low light

d. blood clotting

What is the richest natural source of vitamin D?:

a. whole grains

b. leafy greens

c. fish and fish liver oils

d. eggs and cheese

Which vitamin acts as an antioxidant in the cell membrane?:

a. vitamin B^1

b. vitamin C

c. vitamin D

d. vitamin E

Which symptom is associated with vitamin A deficiency?:

a. brittle nails

b. night blindness

c. rickets

d. easy bruising

Which vitamin is synthesized in the skin with exposure to UV light?:

a. vitamin E

b. vitamin D

c. vitamin B^12

d. vitamin A

Which of the following is NOT property of water-soluble vitamins?:

a. easily destroyed by heat and light

b. dissolve in water

c. stored in large quantities

d. generally excreted in urine

Pellagra is caused by a deficiency in which vitamin?:

a. thiamine (B^1)

b. niacin (B^2)

c. vitamin C

d. folate

Which B-vitamin deficiency results in beriberi?:

a. riboflavin (B^2)

b. niacin (B^3)

c. thiamine (B^1)
d. biotin (B^7)

What is the primary function of folate in the body?:

a. antioxidant protection

b. support of nerve impulse transmission

c. DNA and RNA synthesis

d. collagen formation

Which vitamin is at risk of deficiency after gastric bypass surgery due to reduced absorption?:

a. vitamin A

b. vitamin B^12

c. vitamin D

d. vitamin C

High-potency dietary supplements pose health risks primarily because they:

a. are always contaminated

b. contain only herbs

c. may exceed the tolerable upper intake level (UL)

d. are never tested for purity

A supplement labeled "supports joint health" is using what kind of claim?:

a. qualified health claim

b. nutrient content claim

c. structure/function claim

d. FDA-approved health claim

c. structure/function claim

Rhodopsin is formed when:

a. cis-retinal is converted to rhodopsin when light hits the rod cell.

b. trans-retinal combines with opsin.

c. cis retinal combines with opsin.

d. beta-carotene is converted to rhodopsin.

For the body to use inactive vitamin D from sunlight or the diet, the ______ and then the ______ convert it to its active form:

a. liver; kidneys

b. liver; parathyroid gland

c. kidneys; liver

d. parathyroid gland; kidneys

Which list contains only vitamins that do NOT function as coenzymes in energy metabolism?:

a. choline and vitamin C

b. vitamin B6 and vitamin C

c. thiamin; riboflavin, niacin

d. niacin, vitamin B6, folate

Which water-soluble vitamin has antioxidant properties?:

a. thiamin

b. riboflavin

c. niacin

d. vitamin C

Which of the following is NOT a good source of magnesium?:

a. brown rice

b. spinach

c. almonds

d. cashews

Which of the following is NOT a function of sodium?:

a. required for muscle contractions

b. need for active transport of many nutrients

c. major component of cell membranes

d. regulation of fluid balance

Which of the following CORRECTLY identifies the fluid compartments where the concentration of each electrolyte is highest?:

a. chloride: intracellular; potassium: intracellular; sodium: extracellular

b. chloride: extracellular; potassium: intracellular; sodium: extracellular

c. chloride: intracellular; potassium: extracellular; sodium: extracellular

d. chloride: intracellular; potassium: extracellular; sodium: intracellular

when is LEAST likely to build stronger bones is:

a. including food sources of vitamin D, such as mushrooms and egg yolks.

b. consuming a nutrient dense diet, with adequate dairy and green vegetables.

c. lifting weights at the gym two days a week.

d. swimming laps for 30 minutes, five days a week.

In which trace minerals is someone following a vegan diet most likely to be deficient?:

a. iodine and chromium

b. zinc and copper

c. iron and zinc

d. manganese and copper

Which mineral is needed for the regulation of protein synthesis, reproduction and the functions?:

a. iron

b. zinc

c. copper

d. selenium

The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (SHEA) dictates that _______ is responsible for providing evidence that a dietary supplement product is safe:

a. the FDA

b. the USDA

c. the EPA

d. the manufacturer of the product

d. the manufacturer of the product

A potential negative outcome of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) is that:

a. substances that were already in the food supply prior to the SHEA were grandfathered as "generally recognized as safe."

b. the FDA must prove that a substance is unsafe in order to restrict its use or remove it from market.

c. once the FDA announces that a product is unsafe, it can be difficult to remove it from market.

d. the FDA does not approve new dietary ingredients or supplements; they are free to be marketed 75 days after the information has been submitted to the FDA.

e. all of these are correct.

e. all of these are correct.

Which of the following foods would NOT be considered a functional food?:

a. blueberries

b. margarine with added plant sterols

c. grilled chicken breast

d. milk with added vitamins A and D

c. grilled chicken breast

Foods that contain nutrients or other constituents that may enhance their contribution to health and disease prevention beyond their basic nutritional content are called:

a. supplements

b. functional foods

c. botanicals

d. vitamins

The visual pigment rhodopsin is made of _____ and ______:

a. opsin; beta-carotene

b. opsin; retinol

c. opsin; retinal

d. opsin; retinoic acid

Hyponatremia occurs when there is:

a. inadequate water consumption

b. excessive water consumption

c. excessive exercise

d. excessive potassium