Animal Science 214 Lab Practical 1

General Information

X

Dorsal

Back and upper side

Ventral

The underside or abdominal area

Anterior

Front, frontal

Posterior

Back, rear

Medial

Toward the middle or body midline, particularly toward the body midline

Lateral

Away from the body midline; toward the side

Proximal

Near; closer to the point under consideration

Distal

Far or away; farther from the point under consideration

Frontal (or coronal) planes

Divides the animal into dorsal and ventral portions

Transverse or Axial plane

Divides the animal into cranial and caudal (head and tail) portions

Median (or midsagittal) planes

Separate an animal or person into right and left halves

Sagittal planes

Any plane parallel to the midsagittal (median) plane; i.e., divides the animal into left and right portions

When does an organ, gland, or tissue secrete a substance?

If it both produces and exports the secretion out of the tissue or organ.

Give an example of an organ secreting a substance.

The liver secretes bile because the liver both makes bile and exports bile into the bile duct

When does an organ, tissue, or gland excrete a substance?

When a substance is made elsewhere

Give an example of an organ excreting a substance.

The gall bladder excretes bile because the bile is only stored there, but is made in the liver

What is the function of the esophagus in regards to transportation?

Transports food from the pharynx to the stomach

Enzymes

Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in living systems, i.e., enzymes allow specific reactions to occur.

What are the seven key factors that influence physiology?

Nutrition

Genetics

Age

Environment

Gender

Physical change

Chemical change

Nutrition

Quality and quantity

Genetics

Heritability of traits such as udder size or muscling

Age

Tissues mature as you age and also breakdown

Environment

Highly stressful environments can alter how the body works

Gender

Male and female animals differ on several levels

Physical Change

Disease or injury can alter how a limb moves, if you will

Chemical change

Use of hormones, implants, or antibiotics to change productivity, influence growth or improve health status

Cardiovascular system

X

Arteri-

Artery

Cardi-

Heart

-emia

blood

erythro-

red

hemo-

blood

leuko-

white

vaso-

vessel

What are the functions of the circulatory system?

- Carry nutrients, such as amino acids, glucose, fatty acids and of course O2, to tissues

- Carry waste products from tissues for disposal - the principal ones are urea, NH3 (ammonia), and CO2 (carbon dioxide)

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

Return extracellular fluid to the veins: functions in disease control

Arteries

Carry blood AWAY from the heart

What are the layers of the artery made up of?

connective tissue and smooth muscle

What are the three layers of tissue that arteries are comprised of?

Tunica intima, Tunica media, and tunica adventitia (tunica extrema)

What makes up connective tissue?

Elastin and collagen

Elastin

A protein that allows for greater elasticity of tissues; breakdown overtime, but provides 1.5x more elasticity and provide support to the collagen

Where can elastin be found?

Skin, lung, and artery tissue

Collagen

The main structural protein that provides strength to tissues and gives protection to more fragile structures like organs (ie. kidneys, spleen)

Collagen makes up how much of body protein and has a triple helical structure?

20-30%

Tunica Intima

Innermost coat or layer; consists of a continuous layer of supporting connective tissue

Tunica Media

The middle layer; contains smooth muscle circularly arranged containing elastin. Usually the thickest layer

Tunica Adventitia (tunica extrema)

Outermost layer; connective tissue containing elastin and collagen

Capillaries

Endothelial cells covered with a basement membrane

What is the function of the capillaries?

Function in exchange of materials between the blood and tissues

What are the three types of capillaries?

Continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal

Continuous

Endothelial cells are held together by tight junctions.

Where are the continuous cells located?

Most tissues such as skeletal muscles

Fenestrated

The endothelial cell layer has numerous holes, resulting in porous capillaries that allow for rapid absorption and filtration.

Where are the fenestrated cells located?

Kidney and intestines

Sinusoidal

The endothelial cell layer has numerous layers has numerous large intercellular gaps and an incomplete basement cell layer. This allows for the exchange of large molecules and materials, such as red blood cells.

Where are the sinusoidal capillaries located?

Liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and endocrine glands

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back TO the heart; smooth muscle circularly arranged, more collagen, less elastin

Venules

These are much like capillaries but of larger diameter

Lymph Ducts

Lymph is extracellular fluid, which is returned to the blood via the lymphatic system

Know the parts of the heart

Right atrium

Receives blood From the vena cava and moves it TO the right ventricle

Right ventricle

Pumps blood FROM the right atrium TO the pulmonary artery

Left Atrium

Receives blood FROM the pulmonary veins and pumps it TO the left ventricle

Left Ventricle

The largest heart chamber. Pumps blood TO the aorta FROM the left atrium

Atrioventricular valves

Valves located between the atria and ventricles; prevent blood from flowing from the ventricles back into the atria

Semilunar valves

Valves located between the ventricles and the arteries leaving the heart. Prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles

Vena cava

The largest vein in the body; has two parts. The superior vena cava carries blood from the upper body and the inferior vena cava brings blood from the lower body to the right atrium.

Aorta

The largest artery in the body. Carries blood FROM the left ventricle TO the body

Coronary Arteries

multiple arteries running on both sides of the heart that supply nutrients and O2 to the heart muscle

Pulmonary Artery

Carries low-oxygen blood FROM the right ventricle TO the lungs.

Pulmonary vein

Carries high-oxygen blood FROM the lungs TO the left atrium

What are the two types of heart valves?

Atrioventricular and semilunar

Atrioventricular valves

These permit blood flow from the atria into the ventricles but prevent blood from flowing back into the atria when the ventricles contract. The right atrioventricular valve is tricuspid, meaning that it has three leaflets or cusp

Semilunar valves

These are located where blood leaves the heart and are called the aortic semilunar valve and pulmonary semilunar valve. The semilunar valves permit blood to leave the heart but not return.

Lub

The heart sound made when the atrioventricular valve snaps shut

Dub

The heart sound made when the semilunar valve snaps shut

Pulmonary circulation

Blood circulates from the heart (right ventricle) to the lungs and back to the heart (left atrium). Pulmonary is a term referring to the lungs.

Systemic Circulation

Blood circulates from the heart (left ventricle) to an organ and back to the heart(right atrium)

Portal Systems

Portal circulation is a special case of systemic circulation. Portal circulation refers to blood passing from one organ to another organ that is not the hear

Hepatic portal system

Hepatic is a term referring to the liver. This portal system transports blood collected from the absorptive areas of the digestive system to the liver. Blood from the stomach and the small intestine is taken directly to the liver. From there it is returned to the heart

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

Blood from the hypothalamus goes directly to the hypophysis (pituitary) before returning to the heart. This system carries hormones, such as the releasing hormones, from the hypothalamus to the hypophysis. This portal system prevents degradation and dilution of the small amounts of hormones produced

What is the blood circulatory pattern?

(Superior and inferior) vena cava --> right atrium --> right ventricle --> pulmonary artery --> Lungs --> pulmonary vein --> left atrium --> left ventricle --> aorta --> organ --> vena cava

How many chambers do reptiles and amphibians have?

3 chambers- 2 atria and 1 ventricle

How heavy is the equine heart?

7-10 pounds

How heavy is the bovine heart?

5 pounds

How heavy is the human heart?

7-15 ounces

How heavy is the porcine heart?

10 ounces

How heavy is the ovine heart?

5 ounces

Internal Anatomy of the Pig

X

Brachi-

arm

Cauda-

tail

cervic-

neck

corpus

body

ped, pod

foot

pharyngo-, laryngo-

throat

nas-, rhin-

nose

-plasty

plastic surgery

pleur-

chest lining

pneum-, pulm-

lungs