test 5

-the prosecutor is expected to find the 12 people who would be the most fair-minded for the trail

-jury selection is the 1st chance prosecutor has to prepare jurors for what will be presented to them

Why is a jury important, how are jurors selected, and what do they base their

decision on?

-victims are the most important person and needs to be on sand at the beginning of the rial regardless of where they fit in the timeline of events

When the prosecutor provides his story, what are the key details and who plays the

most important roles?

-the pieces to the prosecutors puzzle start to fit together during the discovery process

-motions are filed, hearings are held, and depositions are conducted

What is the discovery process and what does it entail?

they have to know the best way to make another person believe and trust them

How do predators manipulate their victims and who are their most common

victims?

opportunity and easy access

What is a common denominator among most criminals and how they pick their

victims?

-added community notification component to the sex offender registry

-created in 1996

-broad community notification, notification to those at risk, passive notification where the info is available for people to find but not directly given

What is Megan’s law, what year was it created, and how did it change sex offender

notification?

-sex offender registration notification

-require convicted sex offenders to provide the local authorities with identification information

-linked to higher levels of depression, loss of familial and social relationships, public shame and harassment, and violent victimization

What is SORN and what is it linked to?

-only 14% of rapist were classified as specialized

-research in this area has generally not supported this notion

What has research revealed about sex offender specialization and what percentage

of rapists are considered specialists?

have an earlier onset of sexual offending, were never married, experienced passive anger, and have a personality disorder diagnosis are more likely to have higher recidivism rates than other sex offenders

What are the characteristics of offenders who victimize strangers?

-results suggested that sex offenders were actually rearrested less frequently, with recidivism rates of 6% for violent offenders and 33% for non-sex offenders

-expanding area of investigation

What does the research from Sipe, Jensen, and Everette reveal about the recidivism

rates of sex offenders and non-sex offenders? Has the research regarding sex

offenders and their likelihood of re-offending expanded or decreased?

the strongest and risk domains include antisocial attitudes, school status, current aggression, mental health problems, relationship/peers, alcohol/drugs, and use of free time

How does aggression and mental health problems impacts risk of offending?

emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect, domestic violence towards the youth’s mother, household mental illness, parental separation/divorce, and jail/imprisonment history of a household member

What are some of the characteristics revealed regarding offenders in relation to

adverse childhood experiences (ACE)?

has become the dominant paradigm of both adult corrections and juvenile justice over the last few decades

How does the Risk Needs Responsivity (RNR) model impact adult and juvenile

justice?

7%

What percent of juvenile offenders start offending at a very early age and continue

into adolescence?

-the juvenile severe 5% where 10% more likely to be black than white youth and 76% were more likely to be male

-male-to-female ratio of career offenders found to hover between 9:1 and 12:1

What did the criminal career research reveal about adult and juvenile offenders

regarding ethnicity and gender?

-study over a long period of time

-allows a finer investigation if connections between the timing of gang membership and criminal behavior, about which the selection and socialization models are different predictions

What are longitudinal studies and what do they indicate?

utilized detention more frequently and for longer periods than believed

According to Ft. Portland police, how did the juvenile probation department apply

detention?

violent crime suspects remained in detention for a significantly longer period than property crime days

What do the findings reveal when violent crime suspects are compared to property

crime suspects?

likely to be males, african american or caucasian, living with an extending family member, gang afiliate

What is a major contributing factor to felony suspects in Ft. Portland?

-juveniles were not afforded bail

-released unless: likely to be removed from the jurisdiction, lacked suitable supervision in the name, unlikely to return to court hearings, was a danger to himself or the public, has a previous adjudication for which the punishment included incarceration, suspected of a crime that involved a firearm

What are the conditions in which a juvenile can be released? What is the one thing

they cannot be released on?

-focuses on mission clarification, internal accountability, geographical organization of command, organizational flexibility, data-driven problem identification and assessment, and innovative problem solving to reduce crime

What is the Compstat policing model and how did it impact crime rates?

combination of organization pressures to apprehend these violent suspects and the environmental restraints only served to increase patrol officers frustrations

What do most police officers and patrol officers state increase their frustration

levels?

domestic violence

What is the majority of police calls for where the suspect and the victim are still on

the scene?

strong sense of individual honor, distrust in the law enforcement, expectations of retaliation and vigilantism for personal affronts, and an overall tolerance of violence

Why is there more violence in low income housing and in areas where there is poor

residential stability?

-gang members tend to be more serious offenders than their non-gang counterparts and are responsible for a disproportionate amount of crime

-scholars and practitioners alike invest resources in understanding the relationship between gang involvement and offending behavior, which stops a large proportion or crime and linkages to peripheral gang members

-although a street gang is arguably a type of delinquent peer group, its a particularly powerful social network that often embraces predatory and violent behavior

-by 2004, the National Youth Gang center estimated 760,000 street gang members and 26,000 street gangs

-core members- who are involved in many gang activities and have more stable memberships

-peripheral members- who are relatively less involved and have more transient stays in the gang

Why do police allocate more resources to core gang members? What informational

systems are used to assist in breaking down associations and links among gang

members? How are gangs unique? How many gangs were identified in 2004? What

is the difference between a core gang member and a peripheral gang member?

-facilitation/socialization: views gangs involvement/membership as casually meaningful; based primarily on propositions from differential association and social learning theories; assumes that the normative processes of the gang/delinquents peer group create and sustain delinquents

-selection model: asserts that gang memberships does not hold casual significance with regard to delinquency

-enhancement: represents a middle-ground or compromise between the control and learning sides of this theoretical debate

-perspectives all have conceptual merit and can potentially explain the linkage between gang involvement and a heightened risk of offending

Define the characteristics of the selection, facilitation, and enhancement models

and how they apply to gangs.