HIST 101 Lecture Notes: Kabihasnan, Kalinangan, and Geography

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering concepts of civilization vs. culture, geography, historical consciousness, ancient social structures, and foreign influences in Philippine history.

Sibilisasyon

A Western concept originating from the Latin word civitas (city), measuring development through urban growth, physical structures like temples and palaces, and written laws.

Kabihasnan

A Philippine concept derived from the root word bihasa (expert/skilled), referring to a total way of life and behavior developed and enriched over a long period of time.

Eurocentrism

A perspective where Europe serves as the primary basis for measuring development, often leading to the devaluation or marginalization of non-European cultures.

Kalinangan

Coming from the root word linang, this refers to the specific way of life of a group, including their unique customs, traditions, and values.

Bayanihan

A sense of community involving spontaneous cooperation among people for the betterment of all; a core trait rooted in Austronesian culture.

Kamalayang Pangkasaysayan

Historical consciousness or the recognition that the present is a result of the past, using historical lessons to guide current decisions.

Pacific Ring of Fire

A geographical location of the Philippines characterized by many active volcanoes and frequent earthquakes, which also contributes fertile soil containing $Potassium$ and $Iron$.

Pacific Typhoon Belt

A region where the Philippines is situated, resulting in approximately $20$ storms per year and shaping the resilience and preparedness of its people.

Archipelago

A geological classification of the Philippines, which consists of approximately $7,600$ islands that are fragmented and elongated from north to south.

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

Maritime territory established under international law providing a country sovereign rights, noted in the transcript as $12$ nautical miles of maritime territory.

Murillo Velarde Map ($1734$)

An ancient map used as legal evidence by the Philippines to support maritime claims in international court.

Fernand Braudel

A French historian who argued that human culture is a product of the continuous interaction between people and their environment.

Annales

A historical approach or school of thought that focuses on more than just political events, emphasizing documentation of developments over time.

Long Durée

The study of history over very long periods, focusing on slow-moving geographic factors and environmental shifts rather than short-term political changes.

Linyar na Pananaw (Linear View)

A worldview that believes in the continuous progress of time with a definite beginning and end, exemplified by Mesopotamia.

Siklikal na Pananaw (Cyclical View)

A worldview that sees history as a repeating cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, similar to the perspectives of ancient India and the Philippines.

Ilaya

Communities located in the uplands or interior regions, consisting of both permanent farmers (like the Bontoc) and nomadic groups (like the Agta).

Ilawod

Communities located along coastlines or riverbanks, such as the Ilokano, Tagalog, and Tausug, where fishing and maritime trade are central.

Zeus Atayza Salazar

Known as the Father of New Philippine Historiography, he established the Pantayong Pananaw framework for a Filipino-centric understanding of history.

Pamayanan

The foundational stage of Philippine history focusing on the development of early communities and Austronesian-based beliefs and values.

Datu

The leader of a barangay responsible for implementing laws, judging disputes, and managing the community's land and economy.

Babaylan

A religious, health, and cultural leader who bridges the spiritual world, practices traditional healing (like hilot or tuob), and preserves oral histories.

Panday

A technological leader in ancient society skilled in creating tools, weapons (like kanyons and sibat), and vessels.

Bagani

A military leader or ancient warrior whose purpose was to protect the barangay and bring comfort (kaginhawahan) to the community.

Sansinukob

The ancient Filipino term for the world of the living, which is perceived as being surrounded or covered by the kaitaasan (upper world) and kailaliman (underworld).

Animismo

The belief system rooted in Austronesian ancestors that the natural world is inhabited by spirits, leading to practices of offering and respect.

Tapayang Manunggul

A secondary burial jar where the bones of the deceased are placed, depicting a soul traveling by boat to the afterlife.

Baybayin

An ancient Philippine writing system consisting of $17$ symbols, including $14$ consonants and $3$ vowels.

Kudlit

A small mark or stroke placed on a Baybayin consonant to change its inherent vowel sound to e/i (top) or o/u (bottom).

Virama

A cross-shaped mark introduced by the Spanish to Baybayin to cancel the inherent "a" vowel sound at the end of a consonant.

Pag-angkin (Appropriation)

The active process of adapting foreign influences to fit the Filipino context and needs, such as the creation of Filipino-style spaghetti.

Adat

Local customary laws and traditions followed by Muslim-Filipino communities that integrate local customs with Islamic principles.