Chapter 10 review photosynthesis

describe the roles of autotrophs and heterotrophs in the biosphere

Autotrophs, like plants, produce their own food through photosynthesis, serving as primary producers in the ecosystem. Heterotrophs, such as animals and fungi, rely on consuming autotrophs or other heterotrophs for energy, forming various levels of the food chain.

specify how photosynthesis occurs and describe in general how it converts light to chemical energy

Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, where light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and converted into chemical energy through a series of reactions, ultimately transforming carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

What are the general steps

photo system 2, photosystem 1, , Calvin cycle.

What occurs in photo system 2

In photosystem 2, light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll, exciting electrons which are passed into an electron transport chain. This process also splits water molecules, releasing oxygen as a byproduct. (non cyclic)

What occurs next in photo system 1

In photosystem 1, the excited electrons from the hydrogen are re-energized by light absorbed by chlorophyll, and then they are transferred to NADP+, reducing it to NADPH, ( crucial electron carrier for the Calvin cycle.) (cyclic)

when does the electron transport chain occur

The electron transport chain occurs after the absorption of light by photosystem 2, where energized electrons are transferred through a series of proteins, generating ATP and NADPH for the Calvin cycle.

what are the steps of the calvin cycle

1. carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). During carbon fixation, atmospheric CO2 is incorporated into RuBP, resulting in a 3-carbon compound (2 3PGA) in the reduction phase, ATP and NADPH convert this compound into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P——makes glucose (one molecule) rest is going to regenerated to continue the cycle.

how does the calvin cycle use chemical energy to produce glucose for the plant

The Calvin cycle utilizes ATP and NADPH produced during the light-dependent reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose through a series of reduction reactions. (REDOX)

Explain how a REDOX reaction works in the calvin cycle

A REDOX reaction involves the transfer of electrons between molecules, where one molecule is oxidized (loses electrons) and another is reduced (gains electrons). In the Calvin cycle, this process occurs as ATP and NADPH are used to reduce 3-phosphoglycerate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P), forming glucose and regenerating ribulose bisphosphate.

what is the reaction for photosynthesis

The simplified equation is: 6CO2 + 6H2O —— C6H{12}O6 + 6O2

what is the major site of photosynthesis

The major site of photosynthesis is the chloroplast, primarily located in the leaves of plants.

what are the parts of the chloroplast

Inner membrane, thylakoid membrane, stroma, and thylakoid stacks called granum, where the light-dependent reactions and Calvin cycle take place.

what are cholorphyll a, b and carotenoids

Chlorophyll a and b are pigments in plants that absorb light for photosynthesis, while carotenoids are accessory pigments that capture light energy and protect against photo-damage.

6 cycles for one glucose

how many cycles