BIO 2102 A&P 2 CH25-27

Nutrition

process by which the body uses and obtains certain components of food

nutrients

substances taken into the body and used by cells to produce energy, synthesize molecules, and to use in chemical reactions

digestion, absorption, transportation, cell metabolism

What are the 4 components of nutrition?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water

What are the 6 classes of nutrients?

calorie

the amount of energy required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celcius

Kilocalorie

Whats the name for 1000 calories

Carbohydrates

its separated into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

complex carbohydrates

they’re polysaccharides; they require more digestive “work” to break down

95%

what percent of lipids in a human diet are triglycerides?

saturated & unsaturated

what are the 2 main categories of lipids?

trans fats

typically industrially processed polyunsaturated fats to alter the stability of a fat

proteins

What are amino acids

essential amino acids

The general the 9 amino acids that the body cannot synthesize

conditionally essential amino acids

amino acids that can normally be synthesized, but no under specific conditions such as during premature birth

complete protein

name for a _____ that contains all 9 essential amino acids

incomplete protein

name for a _____ that does not contain all 9 essential amino acids

vitamins

organic molecules that exist in small quantities in food and are essential to metabolism

essential vitamins

They are _____ that cannot be produced by the body and must be ingested

provitamins

an incomplete _____ that the body can convert into a functional vitamin

form coenzymes

whats the function of vitamins

minerals

inorganic nutrients necessary for normal metabolism

metabolism

the total sum of all chemical reactions in the body

catabolism

whats the energy-releasing process of breaking molecules into smaller pieces called?

anabolism

whats the energy-requiring process of building larger molecules from smaller molecules called?

glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules and 4 ATP

Anaerobic fermntation

process that happens in the absence of oxygen, glycolysis products form 2 lactate molecules from 2 pyruvate

Aerobic respiration

catabolism of glucose in the presence of oxygen

carbon dioxide, water and ATP

what does aerobic respiration produce?

glycolysis, Acetyl-CoA formation, Kreb’s cycle, Electron transport chain

what are the 4 phases aerobic respiration

Electron transport chain

The name for the process where a series of electron carrier proteins within the inner mitochondrial membrane cycle in and out?

ATP synthase

enzyme thatsynthesizes ATP molecules within mitochondria during aerobic respiration

lipids

primary energy-storage molecules in adipose tissue

free fatty acids

circulating fatty acids no longer bound to glycerol

glycogenesis, lipogensis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

what are the 4 processes involved in glucose use and storage

glycogenesis

process forming glycogen; stimulated by insulin

lipogenesis

process of lipid formation from excess glucose and amino acids

glycogenolysis

breakdown of glycogen and liberation of stored glucose into the blood; stimulated by glucagon

gluconeogenesis

synthesis of glucose by the liver in the absence of glycogen

absorptive state, postabsorptive state

what are the 2 major metabolic states

absorptive state

period immediately following a meal when nutrients are being absorbed from the digestive system

Postabsorptive state

period between absorptive staes when blood glucose is maintained by interconversion of molecules

metabolic rate

the total amount of energy produced and used y the body per unit of time

basal metabolism, thermic effect of food, muscular activity

what are the 3 ways metabolic energy are used?

Basil metabolic rate

energy required to keep a resting body functional

age, body temperature, sex, pregnancy, body composition

what are the various factors that influence BMR?

thermic effect of food

the energy cost of digestion and absorption

30%

what percent of the total energy expenditure does muscular activity use?

free energy

the total amoutn of energy derived from ingested food

57%

how much energy is lost as internal body heat?

43%

how much energy is captured in the form of ATP

radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation

what are the 4 ways that human exchange heat with the environment

radiation

exchange of heat between 2 objects that are not in physical contact

conduction

exchange of heat between 2 objects in physical contact

convection

exchange of heat between the body and air/water as it moves across the surface of the skin

evaporation

loss of heat energy via the conversion of water to vapor

negative feedback mechanisms

what is body temperature maintained by?

skin vasodilation, sweating

what are the 2 heat loss mechanisms in the body?

skin vasoconstriction, shivering

what are the 2 heat gain mechanisms

excretion, regulation of blood volume and pressure, regulation of blood solute concentrations, regulation of extracellular fluid pH, regulation of red blood cell synthesis, regulation of vitamin D synthesis

what are the 6 major functions of the urinary system

excess water, excess ions, metabolic wastes, toxic substances

what are the wastes that are included in urine?

excretion

process when kidneys filter blood to remove wastes

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

what are the 4 major structures of the urinary system?

Nonmesenteric/retroperitoneal

kidneys are located behind the peritoneum

renal cortex, renal medulla

what are the 2 major kidney regions?

renal cortex

superficial layer of the kidney tissue proper immediately deep to the capsule

renal medulla

surrounds the renal sinus

renal papillae

tips of pyramids through which urine is emptied

minor calyx

funnel-shaped chamber surrounding the tip of the papilla that recieves urine

major calyx

larger funnel-shaped chamber where multiple minor calyces empty

renal pelvis

a single chamber embedded in the sinus that receives urine from all major calyces within a kidney

ureter

tube directing urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder

nephron

functional unit of the kidney; specialized tubes that filter blood

renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule

what are the 4 regions of the nephron?

collecting ducts

series of arched tubes that drain multiple nephrons’ distal convoluted tubules

renal corpuscle

the blood-filtration segment of nephrons

glomerulus, glomerular capsule

what are the 2 components of the renal corpuscle?

glomerulus

network of capillaries twisted around each other

glomerular casule

double-walled chamber surrounding the glomerulus

porous capillaries, filtration slits, high pressure arterioles

what the 3 specializations that make corpuscle efficient at filtering blood

filtrate

filtered substances that enter the glomerular capsule and continues down the nephron

juxtaglomerular apparatus

regulatory structure near glomeruli

renal tubule

the final 3 sections of a nephron

proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule

what are the sections of the renal tubule

descending limb, ascending limb

what are the 2 components of the nephron loop?

descending limb

proximal segment; narrow tube descending into the medulla

ascending limb

distal segment; thicker tube ascending out of the medulla

afferent arterioles

arterioles that carry blood into the glomerular capillaries

glomerular capillaries

fenestrated capillaries within the glomerular capsule

efferent arterioles

arterioles that carry blood away from the glomerular capillaries

filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

what are the 3 components of urine production

filtration

nonspecific process that separates materials based on size and/or charge

glomerular filtration rate

the rate of filtrate formed per minute

1%

how much percent of the filtrate actually becomes urine

filtration pressure

combination of 3 pressures that determine the amount of filtrate formed

glomerular capillary pressures, capsular hydrostatic pressure, blood colloid osmotic pressure

what are the 3 pressures categorized in filtration pressure?

glomerular capillary pressure

outward pressure from blood pressing on the fenestrated capillary walls; forces fluid and solutes out of the blood; blood pressure in _____ capillaries than normal capillaries

capsular hydrostaic pressure

inward pressure opposing filtration; created by filtrate filling the capsular space

blood colloid osmotic pressure

inward pressure opposing filtration; created by osmotic pressure of plasma proteins that cannot fit through filtration membrane

intrinsic mechanisms, extrinsic mechanisms

glomerular filtration rate is regulated via what 2 general mechanisms

myogenic mechanism, tubuloglomerular feedback

what are the 2 intrinsic autoregulation processes?