bone quiz anthro

Sagittal plane

Divides the body into left and right portions.

Transverse plane

Divides the body into superior and inferior portions; also called horizontal.

Coronal plane

Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions; also called frontal.

Medial

Toward the midline of the body.

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body.

Anterior

Toward the front of the body; also called ventral.

Posterior

Toward the back of the body; also called dorsal.

Ventral

Toward the belly or front side; generally equivalent to anterior in humans.

Dorsal

Toward the back side; generally equivalent to posterior in humans.

Superior

Toward the head or upper part of the body.

Inferior

Toward the feet or lower part of the body.

Proximal

Closer to the trunk or point of attachment.

Distal

Farther from the trunk or point of attachment.

Epiphysis

The end of a long bone.

Diaphysis

The shaft or long central portion of a long bone.

Articulation

A joint or place where two bones meet.

Frontal bone

Forms the forehead and part of the eye sockets.

Parietal bones

Form much of the upper sides and roof of the cranium.

Occipital bone

Forms the back and base of the skull; contains the foramen magnum.

Foramen magnum

Large opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes.

Temporal bone

Forms the lower sides of the cranium and contains structures of the ear.

Sphenoid bone

Butterfly-shaped cranial bone at the base of the skull.

Ethmoid bone

Bone between the eye sockets that contributes to the nasal cavity.

Vomer

Bone that forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum.

Lacrimal bone

Small bone on the medial wall of each eye socket.

Palatine bones

Form the posterior portion of the hard palate.

Inferior nasal conchae

Curved bones on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.

Maxilla

Upper jawbone; holds the upper teeth and forms part of the hard palate.

Nasal bones

Small bones that form the bridge of the nose.

Zygomatic bone

Cheekbone; contributes to the lateral wall of the eye socket.

Zygomatic arch

Bony arch of the cheek formed by the zygomatic and temporal bones.

Mandible

Lower jawbone; holds the lower teeth.

Sagittal suture

Suture between the two parietal bones.

Coronal suture

Suture between the frontal and parietal bones.

Lambdoidal suture

Suture between the parietal bones and occipital bone.

Squamosal suture

Suture between the parietal and temporal bones.

Incisors

Front teeth used for cutting and biting.

Canines

Pointed teeth used for piercing and tearing.

Premolars

Teeth behind canines used for crushing and grinding.

Molars

Back teeth mainly used for grinding and crushing.

Cervical vertebrae

Seven vertebrae in the neck; C1 through C7.

Atlas (C1)

First cervical vertebra; supports the skull and allows nodding.

Axis (C2)

Second cervical vertebra; its dens allows rotation of the head.

Dens

Peg-like projection of C2 around which the atlas rotates.

Thoracic vertebrae

Vertebrae of the chest region that articulate with ribs; usually 12.

Lumbar vertebrae

Five large vertebrae of the lower back that bear substantial weight.

Sacrum

Fused vertebrae connecting the spine to the pelvis.

Coccyx

Tailbone; small terminal bone formed by fused vertebrae.

True ribs

Ribs 1–7; attach directly to the sternum through their own costal cartilages.

False ribs

Ribs 8–12; do not attach directly to the sternum individually.

Floating ribs

Ribs 11–12; have no anterior attachment to the sternum.

First rib

Broad, curved rib that articulates with T1 and has distinctive grooves for vessels.

Sternum

Breastbone; includes the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.

Scapula

Shoulder blade; articulates with the clavicle and humerus.

Clavicle

Collarbone; connects the sternum to the scapula.

Humerus

Upper arm bone; articulates with the scapula, radius, and ulna.

Radius

Lateral forearm bone on the thumb side in anatomical position.

Ulna

Medial forearm bone on the little-finger side in anatomical position.

Carpals

Eight wrist bones.

Metacarpals

Five bones forming the palm of each hand.

Hand phalanges

Finger bones; 14 in each hand.

Os coxa

Hip bone formed by the ilium, ischium, and pubis.

Ilium

Large, flaring superior portion of the hip bone.

Ischium

Posteroinferior portion of the hip bone; supports weight when sitting.

Pubis

Anterior portion of the hip bone; the two sides meet at the pubic symphysis.

Femur

Thigh bone; longest and strongest bone in the human body.

Patella

Kneecap; a sesamoid bone within the quadriceps tendon.

Tibia

Large, medial lower-leg bone that bears most body weight.

Fibula

Smaller, lateral lower-leg bone; contributes to ankle stability.

Tarsals

Seven bones of each ankle and proximal foot.

Talus

Tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula at the ankle.

Calcaneus

Heel bone; largest tarsal bone.

Metatarsals

Five long bones forming the middle of each foot.

Foot phalanges

Toe bones; 14 in each foot.

Radius and ulna at the elbow

Both articulate with the humerus at the elbow joint.

Humerus at the shoulder

Articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula.

Femur at the hip

Articulates with the acetabulum of the os coxa.

Femur at the knee

Articulates with the tibia and patella.

Tibia at the ankle

Articulates with the talus.

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

Joint between the mandible and temporal bone.

Dental formula

Lists the number of incisors, canines, premolars, and molars per half-jaw.

Human adult dental formula

2.1.2.3 / 2.1.2.3; 32 permanent teeth total.

How do you calculate total teeth from a dental formula?

Add the upper and lower counts for one side, then multiply by two.

Human permanent teeth per quadrant

2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars.

Human deciduous dental formula

2.1.0.2 / 2.1.0.2; 20 primary teeth total.

Temporalis muscle

Fan-shaped muscle on the side of the skull; elevates and retracts the mandible.

Temporalis origin

Temporal fossa and associated temporal fascia.

Temporalis insertion

Coronoid process and anterior border of the mandibular ramus.

Masseter muscle

Powerful chewing muscle over the lateral jaw; elevates the mandible.

Masseter origin

Zygomatic arch.

Masseter insertion

Lateral surface of the mandibular ramus and angle.

What do large chewing muscles suggest?

They generally indicate adaptations for powerful biting or chewing.

Sagittal crest

Midline ridge on the skull that provides attachment area for temporalis muscle.

Zygomatic arch and diet

Provides origin/attachment area for the masseter; its shape relates to chewing mechanics.

Temporal foramen

Opening in the temporal region; identify its location and form on the specimens used in lab.

Typical female pelvis

Generally wider, with a broader pelvic inlet and larger subpubic angle.

Typical male pelvis

Generally narrower, with a smaller subpubic angle and more robust features.

Subpubic angle

Angle below the pubic symphysis; typically wider in females.

Flaring of the ilium

Typically more lateral in a female pelvis, increasing pelvic breadth.

Preauricular sulcus

Groove near the auricular surface of the ilium; may be more pronounced in females.