Biology Honors Chapter 3

What are the 4 main organic molecules?

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids.

What is a monomer?

An individual subunit.

What is a polymer?

Many monomers bonded together.

What does a condensation reaction do?

Joins monomers and produces water.

What does hydrolysis do?

Breaks polymers apart and uses water.

What are carbohydrates made of?

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharide.

What are 3 examples of monosaccharides?

Glucose, fructose, and galactose.

What is sucrose made of?

Glucose + fructose.

What is lactose made of?

Glucose + galactose.

What is maltose made of?

Glucose + glucose.

What is the difference between starch and glycogen?

Starch stores energy in plants; glycogen stores energy in animals.

What is the difference between cellulose and chitin?

Cellulose supports plants; chitin supports arthropod exoskeletons.

What is the monomer of proteins?

Amino acid.

How many different amino acids build proteins?

20.

What connects amino acids?

Peptide bonds.

What are R groups?

Side groups that make amino acids different.

What gives proteins their shape?

Interactions between amino acids.

What is protein folding?

The process that gives proteins their complex shapes.

What are the 2 main protein functions?

Structural and functional.

What is an example of a structural protein?

Keratin in hair and nails.

What do enzymes do?

Lower activation energy and speed up reactions.

Where does a substrate bind?

The enzyme's active site.

Are enzymes used up during reactions?

No.

What can high temperatures do to enzymes?

Denature them ( to disrupt its nature structure )

What does catalase break down?

Hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

What are 3 functions of lipids?

Energy, cell membranes, and hormones/steroids.

Are lipids polar or nonpolar?

Nonpolar.

What is a fatty acid?

A carbon chain + carboxyl unit.

What is a phospholipid?

2 fatty acids + 1 glycerol.

What is a triglyceride?

3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol.

What does hydrophilic mean?

Water loving.

What does hydrophobic mean?

Water hating.

Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?

The head.

Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?

The tails.

What are saturated fatty acids?

Fatty acids with single bonds; solid at room temperature.

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

Fatty acids with double bonds; liquid at room temperature.

What are steroids?

Lipids that form into 4 rings.

What are examples of steroids?

Cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen, and cortisol.

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

Nucleotide.

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

Sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base.

What is the function of DNA?

Stores genetic information.

Is DNA single-stranded or double-stranded?

Double-stranded.

What bases are found in DNA?

A, T, G, C.

What is the function of RNA?

Builds proteins.

Is RNA single-stranded or double-stranded?

Single-stranded.

What bases are found in RNA?

A, U, G, C.

What does ATP stand for?

Adenosine triphosphate.

What is ATP made of?

Adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups.

What is ATP's main function?

It is the cell's chief energy source.

What happens when ADP gains a phosphate and energy?

It becomes ATP.

What happens when ATP releases energy?

It becomes ADP + phosphate + energy.

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharide.

What is the monomer of proteins?

Amino acid.

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

Nucleotide.

What are lipids made from?

Fatty acids and glycerol.