General Science: Biology, Chemistry, and Daily Reactions

Vocabulary flashcards covering Louis Pasteur's work, household chemical ingredients, pH scale interpretation, chemical reaction patterns, evidence of chemical reactions, and regulatory agencies.

DTI

A Philippine agency that supports consumer protection and fair trade practices.

FDA

A Philippine agency that regulates the safety, quality, and proper labeling of many health-related products.

DENR

A Philippine agency that leads environmental protection and pollution-control efforts.

Acidic Solution

An aqueous solution with a pH value in the range of $0$ to $6$.

Basic Solution

An aqueous solution with a pH value in the range of $8$ to $14$.

Neutral Solution

An aqueous solution with a pH value of $7$.

Decomposition Reaction

A reaction following the pattern $\text{One compound} \rightarrow \text{simpler substances}$, in which a substance breaks down, sometimes due to heat, light, or electricity.

Acid-Carbonate Reaction

A chemical reaction following the pattern $\text{Acid} + \text{carbonate} \rightarrow \text{salt} + \text{water} + \text{carbon dioxide}$, evidenced by fizzing or bubbling as carbon dioxide forms.

Acid-Metal Reaction

A chemical reaction following the pattern $\text{Acid} + \text{metal} \rightarrow \text{salt} + \text{hydrogen}$, where hydrogen gas bubbles form and the metal may gradually dissolve.

Combustion Reaction

A chemical reaction following the pattern $\text{Fuel} + \text{oxygen} \rightarrow \text{oxides} + \text{energy}$, releasing heat and often light, where complete combustion yields carbon dioxide and water.

Signs of a Chemical Reaction

Observational evidence indicating a reaction may have occurred, including gas production or persistent bubbling, formation of a new solid or precipitate, a lasting color change, a non-external temperature/light change, or a new odor.

Physical Change

A process where no new substance necessarily forms, such as melting ice into liquid water, freezing, cutting, or dissolving.

Germ Theory

The scientific idea investigated by Louis Pasteur stating that some diseases and spoilage are caused by living microorganisms.

Controlled Experiment

An experimental investigation in which only one important condition is changed while others are kept similar to ensure a fair comparison.

Pasteurization

A process in which a liquid is heated for a controlled time to reduce harmful microorganisms, making beverages safer without boiling them for a long time.

Sodium Hypochlorite

A chemical compound used as the active ingredient in household bleach that whitens and disinfects suitable surfaces.

Sodium Fluoride

A chemical compound used in toothpaste that helps strengthen tooth enamel when used as directed.

Sodium Bicarbonate ($\text{NaHCO}_3$)

A chemical compound used in baking products and some cleaners that can release carbon dioxide in baking and assist mild cleaning.

Citric Acid

A chemical compound used in descaling and cleaning products that helps remove some mineral deposits.

Calcium Carbonate

A chemical compound used in antacid products that can neutralize excess stomach acid.

Sodium Laureth Sulfate

A chemical compound used in shampoo and cleansing products that helps lift oil and dirt by forming lather.

Element

A pure substance that contains only one kind of atom, such as iron ($\text{Fe}$) or oxygen ($\text{O}$).

Compound

A substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio, such as water ($\text{H}_2\text{O}$) or sodium bicarbonate ($\text{NaHCO}_3$).