Unit 1 chemical level of organization

Lecture

matter

anything that takes up space

made of atoms

protons

+

neutrons

neutral

electrons

-

atomic number

number of protons

atomic weight

number of protons and neutrons

atomic mass

number of protons, neutrons, and electrons

isotopes

adding of neutrons

mass number

number of protons and neutrons in nucleus

half-life

time it takes for the radioisotope to breakdown or degrade

by half of its original strength

chemical bonds by strength (strongest to weakest)

covalent, ionic, hydrogen

covalent bonds

sharing of electrons

ionic bond

exchanging of electrons

anion

negatively charged ions

cation

positively charged ion

non-polar covalent bond

has equal sharing of electrons

polar covalent bond

unequal sharing of electrons

hydrogen bond

attraction between one hydrogen and one oxygen molecule

metabolism

all chemical reactions in A organsim

kinetic energy

energy that is doing work or is being used

potential energy

stored energy in ATP or ADP

chemical energy

potential energy stored in chemical bonds

ATP

stored energy

decompostition

large molecules broken into two products

hydrolysis

decomposition involving water

catabolism

decomposition of molecules within cells

synthesis reactant

larger molecule is product

dehydrated synthesis

formation of larger molecule by removing water

anabolism

synthesis of new compounds within body

exchange

(double replacement)

reversible reactions

seek equilibrium

balance opposing reaction rates

enzymes

are chemicals the body uses to lower the activation energy so the reaction can

occur with less energy.

aka catalysts

speed up reactants and use less heat

activation energy

energy required to start a reaction

inorganic compounds

carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, and inorganic compounds acids and bases

organic compounds

Molecules containing carbon and
hydrogen; Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

nutrients

essential molecules obtained by food

metabolites

molecules made or broken down in body

Main Inorganic Compounds of Human body

carbon dioxide, oxygen gas, acids, bases, salts, water

exergonic reactions

release energy

endergonic reactions

absorb energy

acids

Any solute that dissociates in solution and releases a hydrogen ion,
thus reducing the pH

proton donor

bases

any solute that dissociates in solution and releases a hydroxide ion,
thus increases the pH

proton acceptor

salts

an ionic compound consisting of any cation (except a hydrogen ion H+)
or anion (except a hydroxide ion OH

electrolyte

any dissociated salt ion

hydrophillic

water loving, will be soluble

hydrophobic

water fearing, will not be soluble

colloid

an ionic compound consisting of any cation (except a hydrogen ion H+)
or anion (except a hydroxide ion OH

suspension

contains large particles that settle out ex. whole blood

pH

basic greater than 7, acidic less than 7, neutral 7

acidic compounds

have increasing quantities of hydrogen ions (H+)

basic/alkaline compounds

have increasing quantities of hydroxide ions
(OH-)

blood/tissue homeostatic range

7.35-7.45

pH below 7

acidosis (coma)

pH above 7.8

uncontrollable muscle contractions
(alkalosis)

increased concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide cause

denaturation of proteins
because they compete with hydrogen and ionic bonding of amino acids.

organic chemicals found in human body

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and high energy compounds

carbohydrates

monosaccharides

disaccharides and polysaccharides

lipids

fatty acids, eicosanoids, glycerides, steroids, phospholipids and glycolipids

Nucleic acids

RNA and DNA

high energy compunds

ATP and ADP

carbohydrates

1:2:1 carbon, hydrogen, to oxygen

-o molecule

sugars and starches

monosaccharides

Source of energy used immediately

Disaccharides/polysaccharaides

are stored for future use and must be
broken down into monosaccharides before being utilized as an energy
source

glucose

simple sugar

hexose

Disaccharides

2 monosaccharides
condensed by dehydration synthesis

complex sugar

must be broken down into mono before the body can use it for energy

polysaccharides

polymers of many condensed
sugars by dehydration synthesis)

glycogen

is a polysaccharide which is a storage
form of multiple glucose compounds.

lipids (mainly hydrophobic)

1:2 ratio carbon to hydrogen (contains fewer O2)

fats, oils, and gases

energy storage

fatty acid

Has a long hydrocarbon chain (several
carbons bound with hydrogens) and a
carboxylic acid tail (carbon bound to OH
and double bonded to Oxygen).

good energy source

Saturated (type of fatty acid)

all C are single bonds

unsaturated (type of fatty acid)

C double bond

(broken down into monounsaturated and polyunsaturated)

monounsaturated

1 double bond

polyunsaturated

more than one double bond

eicosanoids

Made from arachadonic acid

Act as chemical messengers

2 types (prostaglandins and leukotrienes)

Prostaglandins

has two short chain fatty acids, with 5 carbons in a ring

-helps trigger labor contractions

-produces pain

leukotrienes

help when sick

WBC

glycerides

Fatty Acid(s) attaches to glycerol to
make glyceride

3 types of glyceride

mono, di, and tri

(combine with a glycerol and that many fatty acids)

triglycerides

-good energy source

-insulation

-protection

-absorb vitamins

steroids

-large lipids

-Consists of four fused rings (three 6 carbon
rings and one 5 carbon ring)

Consists of four fused rings (three 6 carbon
rings and one 5 carbon ring)

cholesterol

steroid which comes from animal

Phospholipids

-“Phospho” has a phosphate head

-has two fatty acid tails which are hydrophobic

-has one phospho head which is hydrophillic

glycolipids

-has a carbonate head

-has two fatty acid tails which are hydrophobic

-has one glyco head which is hydrophillic

proteins

-most abundant & important o compound in human body

formed from amino acids

each amino acid has

1. carboxyl group

2. amino group

3. hydrogen atom

4. side chain (R group)

5. central Carbon

amino acid

joined together with a peptide bond

(covalent bond joined together through dehydrated synthesis)

2 A.A. dipeptides

3 A.A. polypeptides

protein shape

Primary

secondary

tertiary

quaternary

primary structure

amino acid sequence

secondary structure

hydrogen bond interactions between the amino
acids forms alpha helices or beta sheets

Alpha helix- the N-H group of an amino acid forms a hydrogen bond with
the C O group of the amino acid four residues earlier

Beta sheet - 5-10 amino acids are connected laterally by three or more
hydrogen bonds, forming a twisted, pleated sheet.

Tertiary Structure

interactions between two cysteines; amino acids with
sulfur side chains

5 interaction types between amino acid R-groups can create a
tertiary structure

Quaternary Structure

two proteins may bind together to form a new
protein.

apoenzyme

is an inactive enzyme (protein) when only by itself.

cofactor

a “non-protein” portion which can activate the Apoenzyme.
Cofactors can either be ions or organic compounds

coenzyme

-if cofactor is a o molecule

haloenzyme

Formed when Apoenzyme and Cofactor combine making an
active or “whole” enzyme

nucleic acid

Large organic molecules comprised of C, H, O, N, P

2 types DNA and RNA

has five C sugar and a phosphate group (base)

purines

adenine A

Guanine G

pyrimidines

Cytosine C

Thymine T (DNA only)

Uracil U (RNA only)

RNA

single strand

3 types

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

DNA

double strand

complementary pairs

A-T 2 H bonds

C-G 3 H bonds