microbio exam 3

what do probiotics produce

lactic acid and bacteriocins that inhibit pathogen growth

how are elements of the blood made in the red bone marrow

hematopoiesis

what are the types of lymphocytes

T cells, B cells, and NK cells

what are the organs associated with the lymphatic system

spleen, thymus, tonsils, peyer’s patch (SI)

what is phagocytosis enhanced by

opsonization

what is vasodilation and increased permeability of BV caused by

vasoactive mediators (chems that promote inflammation)

what is diapedsis

when phagocytes move between endothelial cells of BV

when does the lectin pathway start

when lectins bind to carbs on microbe surface (complement)

in complement system, how is inflammation activated

when complement system proteins bind to mast cells, which produce histamines

what can help microbes evade complement system

capsules

what are interferons

cytokines

what is iron found in blood and tissues called

transferrin

what is iron found in saliva, milk and mucus called

lactoferrin

what is iron found in the liver, spleen, and red bone marrow called

ferritin

what is iron found in RBCs called

hemoglobin

to compete with iron-binding proteins, what does bacteria produce

siderophores

what are antimicrobial peptides produced in response to

protein and sugar on microbes

out of all of the immunoglobulins, which two are different from the rest

IgM and IgA

where is IgA commonly found

mucose mems, saliva, tears, and breast milk

what process eliminates antibodies that recognize “self” antigens

clonal deletion

what are the possible results of an antibody binding to an antigen

agglutination, opsonization, neutralization, activation of complement

what is agglutination

antibodies cause antigens to clump together, reducing number of free microbes

where do T cells mature and then migrate to

the thymus and then lymphoid tissue

what are clusters of differentiation

surface glycoproteins that’re important for receptor binding

what are THs

T helper cells, CD4+

what are CTLs

cytotoxic T lymphocytes, CD8+

what do CTLs release to induce apoptosis

granzymes and perforin (pore forming protein)

what is antibody titer

amount of antibodies in serum

what is a live attenuated vaccine

living pathogen w reduced virulence

what is inactivated killed vaccine

whole pathogens that have been killed, safer than live, need booster, mostly humoral immunity

what are subunit vaccines

antigenic fragments of pathogens that best stimulate an immune response

what are the types of subunit vaccines

Recombinate, toxoids, VLPs, polysaccharides, and conjugated

what are Recombinate vaccines

use nonpathogenic microbes to produce antigenic subunits

what are toxoid vaccines

inactivated toxins

what are VLP vaccines

virus like particle; resemble intact viruses but don’t contain viral genetic material

what are polysaccharide vaccines

made from molecules in capsule

what are conjugated vaccines

chemically linked two subunits to make greater immune response

what are nucleic acid vaccines

inject naked DNA into host, which then uses that to make own antigens and antibodies (cellular and humoral)

what are Recombinate vector vaccines

avirulent viruses / bacteria are genetically modified to deliver genes coding for antigens (cellular and humoral)

what is pharyngitis caused by

streptococcus pyogenes

what is strep throat caused by

pharyngitis; streptococcus pyogenes

what is scarlet fever caused by

pharyngitis; streptococcus pyogenes

what is rhinitis

common cold

what is the most common cause of otitis media

ear infection; streptococcus pneumoniae

what is pneumonia (COVID) cause by

SARS-CoV-2

what is pnumonococcal pneumonia caused by

streptococcus pneumoniae

what is Legionellosis caused by (pneumonia)

Legionella

what is microplasmal pneumonia caused by

mycoplasma pneumoniae

what is pneumocystis pneumonia caused by

pneumocytstis jirovecii

what is influenza treated with

zanamivir (relenza) and oseltamivir (tamiflu)

what vaccine prevents pertussis

TDaPw

what is tuberculosis caused by

mycobacterium tuberculosis (or mycobacterium avium- intracellulare for late stage HIV)