Globalization

What has facilitated globalization?

Technological innovation, political integration, institutional integration, and supply chain integration.

What is 'de facto globalization'?

Refers to what is actually happening in terms of international activities, such as exports, imports, and foreign investments.

What is 'de jure globalization'?

Refers to legal frameworks like tariffs, trade barriers, and regulations that govern international trade.

What does the term 'flattism' refer to?

The idea that globalization leads to a 'flat' world where barriers to communication and collaboration are reduced.

What are public goods?

Goods that are non-excludable and non-rivalrous, meaning one person's use does not diminish others' ability to use them.

What does 'sovereignty' mean?

The absolute authority of a state over a specific territory, including control over its laws and policies.

What is comparative advantage?

The ability of a country or firm to produce a particular good or service more efficiently than other goods or services.

What is absolute advantage?

The ability of a country or firm to produce more of a particular good or service than others with the same resources.

What is neo-mercantilism?

The belief that national economic policy should encourage exports and discourage imports to maintain a trade surplus.

What is supply chain integration?

The coordination of production, distribution, and logistics across multiple countries to optimize operations and lower costs.

What are the challenges of a flat world?

Domestic policy variations, national security concerns, supply chain resilience, geopolitical rivalries, and trade wars.

What role does technology play in globalization?

It enables rapid communication and information sharing, increasing access to markets and resources.

What is the significance of the Berlin Wall in globalization context?

It represented the political division that hindered a global perspective and integration.

How does globalization impact company hierarchy?

Globalization reduces hierarchy within companies, promoting more collaborative work environments.

What is the 'globalization index'?

A measure that defines, operationalizes, and weights various aspects of globalization for analysis.

What is the role of NGOs in international politics?

They serve as non-state actors that can influence policies and provide public goods where government action is lacking.

What is the difference between cooperation and bargaining in international politics?

Cooperation improves welfare for all actors, while bargaining benefits one at the expense of another.

What does 'intensification of geopolitical rivalries' mean in globalization?

Increased competition among nations, often resulting in trade wars and strategic conflicts due to global interdependencies.

What is the impact of public goods on global politics?

Climate stability, pandemic control, and security are examples where cooperative management is necessary for equitable benefits.

How does globalization force states to choose?

It challenges states to balance economic growth against the provision of social welfare.

What has facilitated globalization?

Technological innovation, political integration, institutional integration, and supply chain integration.

What is 'de facto globalization'?

Refers to actual international activities taking place, such as exports, imports, and foreign direct investments.

What is 'de jure globalization'?

Refers to legal frameworks, regulations, tariffs, and trade agreements that govern international exchanges.

What does the term 'flattism' refer to?

The idea that globalization reduces barriers to communication and collaboration, creating a more level playing field.

What are public goods?

Goods that are non-excludable and non-rivalrous, meaning one person's consumption does not prevent others from using them.

What does 'sovereignty' mean?

The supreme and absolute authority of a state over its territory, governing its internal laws and foreign policies.

Comparative advantage

The ability of a country or firm to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than competitors.

Absolute advantage

The ability of an entity to produce more of a good or service using the same amount of resources as competitors.

Neo-mercantilism

An economic policy that encourages exports and discourages imports to accumulate foreign reserves and promote national power.

Supply chain integration

The cross-border coordination of production, logistics, and distribution to optimize efficiency and lower costs.

What are the challenges of a flat world?

Domestic policy variations, national security concerns, supply chain vulnerabilities, geopolitical rivalries, and trade disputes.

What role does technology play in globalization?

Enables rapid information sharing and instant communication, lowering the cost of accessing international markets.

What is the significance of the Berlin Wall in a globalization context?

Its fall symbolized the end of ideological divisions and paved the way for broader political and economic integration.

How does globalization impact company hierarchy?

Reduces rigid organizational hierarchies by encouraging horizontal collaboration across global teams.

Globalization index

A composite metric that measures and weights political, economic, and social dimensions of global integration.

Role of NGOs in international politics

Non-state actors that address global issues, influence public policy, and provide public goods when governments fall short.

Cooperation vs. bargaining in international relations

Cooperation yields mutual gains for involved actors, whereas bargaining involves redistributing fixed resources where one actor gains at another's expense.

Intensification of geopolitical rivalries

Growing competition among major powers that leads to economic friction, trade wars, and strategic alignments.

Impact of public goods on global politics

Requires multilateral cooperation across borders to address global challenges like climate change, pandemics, and international security.

How does globalization force states to choose?

Compels national governments to balance market integration and economic growth against domestic social welfare and regulation.

Protectionism

Economic policy of restricting imports through tariffs, quotas, and regulations to safeguard domestic industries.

Tariff

A tax or duty imposed by a government on imported or exported goods.

Offshoring

The practice of relocating business processes or services to another country to leverage lower operational costs.

Race to the bottom

A competitive situation where countries progressively lower tax rates, environmental standards, or labor regulations to attract foreign capital.

Multilateralism

An alliance of multiple countries coordinating policies through international treaties and supranational organizations.

Washington Consensus

A set of market-oriented policy recommendations emphasizing deregulation, privatization, and free trade for developing economies.

Nontariff barrier

A trade restriction such as a quota, embargo, or administrative standard used to limit imports without imposing direct taxes.

Hyper-globalization

A period characterized by an extreme increase in cross-border trade, capital flows, and international market integration.