ECU BIOL 2141 Unit Two "Structures to Know"

stratum corneum

outermost layer of the epidermis & first line of defense

dermal papillae

finger-like projections located within the dermis that contribute to the structural and functional characteristics of the skin

hair shaft

visible, nongrowing/nonliving portion of the hair

hair follicle

small, tunnel-like organs that grow the hair

hair root

living part of a hair inside of the hair follicle

hair shaft

visible, nongrowing/nonliving portion of the hair

hair follicle

small, tunnel-like organs that grow the hair

hair root

living part of a hair inside of the hair follicle

hair papilla

a specialized mesenchymal compartment that forms at the base of the hair follicle

arrector pili muscle

small smooth muscles which attach to hair follicles (make your hair stand on end)

sebaceous gland

microscopic glands found in your hair follicles that secrete sebum (oily, protective substance)

eccrine gland

coiled sweat gland

meissners corpsucle

a cutaneous nerve ending responsible for transmitting the sensations of fine, discriminative touch and vibration

free nerve ending

unspecialized, afferent nerve fiber sending its signal to a sensory neuron.

pacinian corpuscle

sensory nerve ending in the skin and tissues that acts as a rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor for deep pressure and high-frequency vibration

sensory nervie fibers / nerves

[Blue Lines] specialized nerve endings that detect touch, pain, temperature, and pressure, and send these signals to the brain

epidermis

outer most layer of the cutaneous membrane

dermal papillae

finger-like projections located within the dermis that contribute to the structural and functional characteristics of the skin

stratum corneum

outermost layer of the epidermis & first line of defense

stratum granulosum

a thin layer of cells in the epidermis lying above the stratum spinosum and below the stratum corneum

stratum spinosum

a layer of the epidermis found between the stratum granulosum and stratum basale, used in immune defense

stratum basale

deepest layer of the epidermis

hair papilla

a specialized mesenchymal compartment that forms at the base of the hair follicle

sebaceous gland

microscopic glands found in your hair follicles that secrete sebum (oily, protective substance)

eccrine gland

coiled sweat gland

meissner’s corpuscle

a cutaneous nerve ending responsible for transmitting the sensations of fine, discriminative touch and vibration

free nerve ending

unspecialized, afferent nerve fiber sending its signal to a sensory neuron.

suture (structural & functional types)

joints between bones
structural → fibrous or suture
functional → synarthrotic

temporomandibular (structural & functional types)

a sliding hinge that connects your lower jawbone (mandible) to the temporal bone of your skull on each side of your head
structural → synovial or modified hinge
functional → diarthrotic

sacroiliac joint (structural & functional)

connects the spine to the pelvis
structural → synovial
functional → diarthrotic

pubic symphysis

nonmoving, connects left & right pelvic bones
structural → cartilaginous
functional → amphiarthrotic

intervertebral (structural)

connection between spinal vertebrae, small movement & shock absorption

structural → cartilaginous or symphysis

carpometacarpal joint (Structural & functional types)

connects the carpals to the metacarpals

structural → synovial
functional → diarthrotic

metacarpophalangeal joint (structural & functional)

connects the metacarpals to the phalanges

sctructural → synovial

functional → diarthrotic

interphalangeal (structural & functional)

connects the phalanges

structural → synovial

functional → diarthrotic

iliofemoral ligament

strongest ligament in the body, connects the pelvis to the femur

pubofemoral ligament

connects the pelvis & femur

patellar tendon

connects the bottom of the patella to the tibia

quadriceps tendon

connects the quadriceps muscle to the top of the patella

fibular collateral ligament

connects the fibula (thin bone) to the femur

tibial collateral ligament

connects the fibula (thick bone) to the femur

posterior cruciate ligament

POSTERIOR ligament that connects the back of the tibia to the femur

anterior cruciate ligament

ANTERIOR ligament that connects the tibia to the femur

lateral meniscus

C-shaped fibrocartilage between the femur and tibia

medial meniscus

C-shaped fibrocartilage between the femur and tibia

caroacromial ligament

connects the acromion and coracoid process of the scapula

coracohumeral ligament

a broad, strong intrinsic ligament that strengthens the superior part of the shoulder joint capsule

glenohumeral ligament

three thickened bands of the shoulder joint capsule that connect the glenoid cavity of the scapula to the humerus

buccinator

“cheek muscle”, lateral wall of oral cavity

temporalis

sits against the temporal bone

orbicular oris

articulation of the mouth

frontalis OR frontal belly

sits on the frontal bone, articulates forehead

orbicularis oculi

articulates around the eyes

corrugator supercilii

articulates the eyebrow

zygomaticus

located in the cheek, articulate smiling & upper lip movement

depressor anguli oris

lateral to the chin, articulates the mouth downward

masseter

primary role in chewing & closing the jaw

mylohyoid

forms the muscular floor of the oral cavity, under the chin

digastric anterior belly

beneath the jaw in the ANTERIOR neck, helps with chewing/swallowing/speech

digastric posterior belly

beneath the jaw in the POSTERIOR neck, helps with chewing/swallowing/speech

stylohyoid

swallowing, speech, airway support

sternocleoidmastoid

connects breastbone/collarbone to base of the skull

sternohyoid

depression, stabilization, neck flexion

omohyoid

vascular protection, depression of hyoid bone

thyrohyoid

swallowing & speech

trapezius

shrugging, retraction, depression, head+neck movements

risorius

artciulation & expression of the mouth

rhomboid minor

under the trapezius, upper of two rhomboids

infraspinatus

main external rotator of the shoulder joint

supraspinatus

abducts the arm (move away)

teres major

below the deltoid, extending arm

subscapularis

sits on the spacula, stabilization, rotates the arm inward

acromioclavicular ligament

bulbous joint connecting the collarbone (clavicle) to the shoulder blade (acromion)

coracoclavicular ligament

connects the clavicle (collarbone) to the scapula (shoulder blade)

transverse humeral ligament

between the greater and lesser tubercles of the proximal humerus

gluteus maximus

a s s

glutus medius

anterior & superior to glutus maximus, smaller

psoas major

hip flexion, spinal stabilisation

iliacus

sits on the ilium

erector spinae

GROUP of muscles running vertically from pelvis/sacrum to head/back of neck

longissmus

longest muscle in the errector spinae group

lumbricals

four muscles in the palm of the hand, attach to tendons NOT bones

pronator quadratus

square shaped muscle near the wrist

palmaris longus

slender muscle in the forearm (assists in flexion)

extensor digitorum

POSTERIORLY extends over fingers, wrists, & forearm

deltoid / deltoideus

triangular muscle in the shoulder named after the greek delta

flexor carpi ulnaris

pinky side of the anterior forearm, flexes and abducts

flexor digitorum superficialis

ANTERIORLY extends over fingers, wrists, forearm

triceps brachii

three headed muscle on the back of the upper arm

biceps brachii

two headed muscle on the front of the upper arm

brachialis

deep, upper arm, strongest flexor of elbow

brachioradialis

located on the thumb side of the forearm, flexes the elbow

anconeus

small, triangular muscle on the back of the elbow