Plant Reproduction

What is reproduction?

the action or process of making a copy of something, production of offspring by a sexual or asexual process

What are whorls?

circles that attach parts of the flower

What is a sepal (whorl 1st)?

outer most whorl, green and leaf like

What is a petal (whorl 2nd)?

often colored, lots of variation, attracts pollinators

what are stamens (whorl 3rd)?

filament stalk with pollen-bearing anther, where male gametophytes are produced

what are carpels (whorl 4th/center)?

where female gametophytes are housed,

What is a fruit?

a mature, ripened ovary (or group of ovaries), containing seeds

What do incomplete flowers lack?

at least one whorl

How are male gametophytes produced?

pollen grain

how are female gametophytes produced?

embryo sac

What is the first stage in male gametophyte production?

anthers contain 4 microsporangia which produce micropore mother cells

What is the second stage in male gametophyte production?

microspore mother cell produces haploid microspores

What is the third stage in male gametophyte production?

microspores become pollen grain

What is the fourth (final) stage in male gametophyte production?

each pollen grain contains a generate cell that eventually divides to produce 2 sperm cells

What is the first stage in female gametophyte production?

in each ovule is a megaspore mother cell

What is the second stage in female gametophyte production?

produces 4 haploid megasporesW

What is the third (final) stage of female gametophyte production?

megaspore produces 8 haploid nuclei creating the 7-celled embryo sac

What is pollination?

process by which pollen is placed on the stimga

What is self-pollenation?

pollen from one flowers anther pollinates a flower on the same plant (inbreeding)

What is cross pollenation?

pollen from one flower’s anther pollinates a flower on a different plant (outcrossing)

What are types of pollinators?

wind, bees & other insects, birds, mammals

How does the embryo sac come into contact with sperm?

pollen tube grows down to ovule to carry sperm to the embryo sac

What is the first stage in double ferillization?

pollination

what is the second stage in double fertillization?

pollen grain germinates

what is the third stage in double fertillization?

pollen tube grows

what is the fourth stage in double fertillization?

pollen tube reaches ovule

what is the fifth stage in double fertillization?

sperm cells released

what is the sixth (final) stage of double fertillization?

what are reasons why plants stop embryo development?

unfavorable conditions, protection when vulnerable, contain food for growing before photosynthesis

How do seeds start developing?

enough water and oxygen, fire, digested, inhibitroy chemicals leach from the seed coat

What is fruit?

mature plant ovaries containing seeds

What is a pericarp?

3 layers to ovary wall

Are pericap different per fruit types?

Yes, fleshy and soft to dry and hard

What is the first stage of seed formation?

sperm cells released

what is the second stage of seed formation?

double fertillization

4 fused carpels each with multiples ovules (seeds)

tomato

one ovule (seed) endocarp forms pit

avocado

multiple unfused ovaries single seed/ovary

black berry

Why do plants make fruit?

protection for seed and embryo, increases dispersal

What are types of dispersal?

eating fruit, hitchhikers, wind blowing, floaters

asexual reproduction self-pollinate T/F

False

Where does asexual reproduction occur the most?

in agriculture and horticulture

What is apomixis?

embryos in seeds producing asexually by parent plant

Where does apomixis commonly happen?

in harsh or poor conditions, more in arctic regains than temperate

What is vegetative reproduction?

new plants are cloned from parts of adults

What are runners(stolons)?

stems that grow along the ground (strawberries, spider plants)

What are rhizomes?

stems that grow under the soil (potatoes, ginger)

What are suckers?

the roots of some plants that rise to new plants

What are adventitious plantets?

plantlets from meristematic tissue, mature and drop to soil

how are plants cloned?

isolated cells to grow roots, shoots, or even entire plant (important in agriculture and horticulture)

What are endosperm?

nutrient-rich tissue that forms inside the seeds of most angiosperm to nourish the developing plant embryo