Ch 9

Object permanence

The understanding that even if something's out of sight it still exists. Develops at 5-8 months.

Permissive parenting

The kids run the show and anything goes. Permissive parents make few demands and rarely use punishment.

Physical development

Involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

Placenta

A structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord.

Prenatal care

Medical care during pregnancy that monitors the health of both the pregnant person and the fetus.

Preoperational stage

2-7 years old. Children can use symbols to represent words, images, and ideas.

Primary sexual characteristics

Organs specifically needed for reproduction, like the uterus and ovaries and testes.

Psychosexual development

According to Freud, children's pleasure-seeking urges are focused on a different area of the body at each of the five stages of development.

Psychosocial development

Involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.

Resistant attachment

Clingy children but reject attachment figure attempts to interact with them.

Reversibility

Objects can be changed and then return back to their original form or condition.

Schemata

Concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.

Secondary sexual characteristics

Physical signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve sex organs.

Secure attachment

A strong, healthy emotional bond that forms when a primary caregiver responds to a child's needs with consistency, warmth, and reliability.

Secure base

A parental presence that gives a child a sense of safety as they explore their surroundings.

Sensorimotor stage

Birth to 2 years old. Children learn about the world through their senses and motor behavior.

Spermarche

First ejaculation. Usually around 13-14.

Socioemotional selectivity theory

Suggests that our social support and friendships dwindle in number, but remain as close as we get older.

Stages of moral reasoning

According to Kohlberg, an individual progresses from pre-conventional morality to post-conventional morality.

Discontinuous development

Development takes place in unique stages: it occurs at specific times or ages.

Disorganized attachment

An unhealthy bonding pattern where a child sees their primary caregiver as both a source of comfort and a source of fear.

Do Not Resuscitate (DNR)

States that if a person stops breathing or their heart stops beating, medical personnel are not to take steps to revive or resuscitate them.

Egocentrism

Child not being able to take perspective of others.

Embryo

Once zygote implants itself into the lining of the uterus it's called an embryo.

Emerging adulthood

18 to mid 20s. In-between time where identity exploration is focused on work and love.

Erikson's psychosocial development theory

Emphasizes the social nature of our development rather than its sexual nature.

Fine motor skills

Focus on the muscles in our fingers, toes, and eyes, enabling coordination of small actions.

Formal operational stage

11-adulthood. Can deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations.

Gonadarche

Maturing of sex glands.

Gross motor skills

Focus on large muscle groups that control our arms and legs and involve larger movements.

Health care proxy

Appoints a specific person to make medical decisions for you if you are unable to speak for yourself.

Hospice

Helps to provide a death with dignity and pain management in a humane and comfortable environment.

Living will/advance directive

A written legal document that details specific interventions a person wants.

Menarche

Beginning of menstrual periods. Usually around 12-13.

Mitosis

Zygotes dividing and multiplying, going from a one-cell structure to two cells, to four, and so on.

Motor skills

Our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects.

Nature

Biology and genetics.

Newborn reflexes

Inborn automatic responses to particular forms of stimulation.

Normative approach

This approach asks, 'What is normal development?'

Nurture

Environment and culture.

Accommodation

A way to adjust schemata. Changing schemata based on new info.

Adrenarche

Maturing of adrenal glands.

Assimilation

A way to adjust schemata. Taking in info that's comparable to what you already know.

Attachment

A long-standing connection or bond with others.

Authoritarian parenting

Parents place high value on conformity and obedience.

Authoritative parenting

Parents give reasonable demands and consistent limits, express warmth and affection.

Avoidant attachment

Child unresponsive to parent, doesn't use them as a secure base.

Conception

When sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote.

Concrete operational stage

7-11 years old. Logical thinking about concrete events.

Continuous development

Development as a cumulative process, gradually improving on existing skills.

Cognitive development

Involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

Cognitive empathy

Relates to the ability to take the perspective of others and feel concern for others.

Conservation

The idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size.

Critical or sensitive period

The period in which each organ of the fetus develops during a specific pregnancy.

Developmental milestones

Age-related averages as general guidelines to compare children with same-age peers.

Teratogen

Any environmental agent that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus.

Uninvolved parenting

Parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes referred to as neglectful.

Zygote

Begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.