Religion 100 Exam 2

What are the 3 categories for making ethical decisions

1: Teleological/Consequentialist

2: Deontological/Nonconsequestialist/Categorical

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

3: Religion Based

How did Lehmen define ethics

Keeping humans human

What is ethics in the Teleological/Consequentialist view

Ethical decisions are based on consequences

T or F making ethical decisions based on religion tend to fall into teleological or deontological schools of thought

T

Define Teleo:

End result

Consequences of an action/decision with goal in mind

What do no ethicists recognize as a legitimate ethical way of making decisions

Individual Hedonism (seeking pleasure)

What are some examples of individual hedonism

Sexual ethics

Money & possessions

Success

Power

Environment

What are the problems with individual hedonism

Leads to selfish indulgence

Divisive, both in relationships and in society

Leads to destructive consequences

Happiness is elusive

How does utilitarianism apply to teleological approaches to ethics

Look for the consequence for your group

The greatest good (or happiness) for the greatest number

What are some examples of Utilitarianism in government:

War

Support death penalty

Support choice-abortion

Right to death

What are some examples of Utilitarianism in medical ethics:

Vaccinations

Prescription drugs

Kidney transplant, extraordinary means

What happened after the Florida hurricane when people were trying to buy stuff

Sellers hiked up the prices

What are the 3 main ideas pro and anti price gouging arguments follow

maximizing welfare, respecting freedom, and promoting virtue

What is virtue?

cultivating the attitudes and dispositions, the qualities of character, on which a good society depends

What is one of the big questions of the book

Does a just society seek to promote the virtue of its citizens? Or should law be neutral toward competing conceptions of virtue, so that citizens can be free to choose for themselves the best way to live?

Who claimed that “we can’t figure out what a just constitution is without first reflecting on the most desirable way of life.”

Aristotle

What do more modern philosophers like Kant and Rawls say a just society does

a just society respects each person’s freedom to choose his or her own conception of the good life.

Ancient theories of justice start with ___ while modern theories start with ____

virtue; freedom

What is Utilitarianism

The good of the many outweighs the good of the few

What does “deon” mean

Duties, laws, rules, and principles

What was Socrates accused of and what caused it

Corrupting the youth; Implementation of the Socratic method

What does Categorical Imperative mean

Universalize the principle (should everyone do this?)

Who promoted categorical imperative

Kant

Who introduced Universal Human Rights?

Kant

Americans don’t care when we reward success but when we reward ___

Failure

What did the CEO’s say in response to being told to apologize

It wasn’t their fault

How much more did CEO’s get paid than their employees in 2007 and 1980

344x and 42x

How do we ask if a society is just

Ask how it distributes wealth, duties, rights, powers, opportunities, offices, and honors

A just society gives people their

due

What are the 3 ways to approach the distribution of goods

welfare, freedom, and virtue

What is much contemporary political debate about

How to promote prosperity, or improve our standard of living, or spur economic growth

What’s the most influential account of how and why we should maximize welfare

Utilitarianism

Who are the 2 rival camps in the freedom debate

Laissez-faire and fairness

What is the libertarian view

Respecting and upholding the voluntary choices made by consenting adults

What is the egalitarian view

Free markets are neither just, nor free, justice requires policy

What system of justice does the religious right follow

Virtue

We sometimes think of moral reasoning as a way of persuading others, but it is also a way of ____

Sorting out our own moral convictions

How do eastern and western religions differ

Western religions are seen as a code of law while eastern religions are about self discovery

What are commandments 1-4 about

Relationship with god

What are commandments 5-10 about

Ethics (relationships between people)

There was no afterlife in Christianity until ___

Hellenization (The Greeks)

What faith did the ten commandments come from

Judaism

What is the 5th commandment

Honor your father and mother

What is the 6th commandment

You shall not kill (murder)

What is the 7th commandment

You shall not commit adultery

What is the 8th commandment

You shall not steal

What is the 8th commandment

You shall not bear false witness (lying)

What is the 10th commandment

You shall not covet (want more than you need)

What is legalism/absolutism

When one follows the teaching of scripture, as they have been interpreted by one’s religious group, as literally as possible

What did Kant think was a great evil

Lying

Moral reflection is not a solitary pursuit but a _____

Public endeavor

What does moral reflection consist in

Seeking a fit between the judgements we make and the principles we affirm

To grasp the meaning of justice and the nature of the good life, we must

Rise above the prejudices and routines of everyday life

What are the big questions in regard to moral and political philosophy

Is morality a matter of counting lives and weighing costs and benefits, or are certain moral duties and human rights so fundamental that they rise above such calculations?

If certain rights are fundamental, how can we identify them? What makes them fundamental?

Who founded the doctrine of Utilitarianism

Jeremy Bentham

What is the most potent form of Benthams utilitarianism

Pauper management

What is the most glaring weakness of Utilitarianism

It fails to respect individual rights

What is the main flaw of the time bomb scenario

The presumed guilt of the terrorist and assumptions of deserving punishment

What aspect of the cost-benefit analysis generally causes outrage

Calculating the value of human life

Hardline utilitarians don’t find issue with the principle of assigning monetary value to human life, but _____

Find issue with how its applied

Who was the social psychologist that tried to prove that human experiences have monetary value

Edward Thorndike

Who tried to save utilitarianism by making it more humane

John Stuart Mill

What did John Stuart Mill argue mainly

The government has no right to decide what someone can or can’t do as long as they’re not harming anyone

What does John Stuart Mill think about maximizing utility

We should not maximize it case by case but in the long run

T or F: Bentham’s system of putting pleasure on a scale viewed some pleasures as “higher’ than others

F

If you believe in universal human rights you’re probably not a _____

Utilitarian

What are the questions raised in Sandel’s first lecture

^{Do we have certain fundamental rights?
Does a fair procedure justify any result?}

^{What is the moral work of consent}

What is the big question of Kants “Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals”

What is the supreme principle of morality?

What is freedom?

What approach to morality does Kant advocate

The one that connects justice to freedom

What does Kant not believe morality can be based on

The intrests, wants, desires, and preferences of people

What method does Kant say we can use to arrive at the supreme principle of morality

“Pure practical reason”

T or F: When we satisfy our preferences, we are acting freely

F

What word means not acting autonomously

Heteronomy

To act freely is not to choose the best means to a given end; it is to ___

Choose the end itself

The moral worth of an actions consists not of its consequences but its ____

Intent

What are the 2 types of motives

Motives of inclination and Motives of duty