Sociology Chapter Review Flashcards

A set of comprehensive study flashcards covering key terms, theories, and concepts from Chapters 1 through 7 of the sociology lecture.

Who coined the term sociology and is regarded as the father of sociology?

Augustus Comete

Sanctions

Rewards for appropriate behavior or penalties for inappropriate behavior

Cultural universals

Customs and practices that occur across all societies

Symbolic integrationist

Argue that society is the sum of the interactions of individuals and groups

Functionalist perspective

States that societies develop social structures or institutions that persists because they play apart in helping society survive

Sociological imagination

Coined by Wright for the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society

How do Kevin and Patrick differ in their sociological views of society?

Kevin is a functionalist who views society as a system of interrelated parts, while Patrick is a conflict theorist who views society as composed of groups competing for scarce resources.

What is social dysfunction?

Any social pattern that disrupts the smooth operation of society.

What is culture shock?

The disorientation that people feel when they encounter cultures radically different from their own and believe they cannot depend on their own taken for granted assumptions about life.

What is socialization?

The lifelong process of social interaction in which an individual acquires a social identity.

What is a role?

A set behavior of expectations associated with a given status.

What is a primary group?

A small, less specialized group in which members engage in face to face and emotion based interactions over an extended period of time.

What is social stratification?

The hierarchical arrangement of large social groups based on their control over basic resources.

Which early sociologist helped found the NAACP and was himself a prominent black sociologist?

W. E. B. Dubois

How is ethnicity defined?

The cultural heritage or identity of a group based on factors such as language and country of origin.

What is positivism according to French philosopher Augustus Comete?

The belief that the world can be understood through scientific inquiry.

What is anomie?

A condition in which social control becomes inefficient because of the loss of shared value and of a sense of purpose in society.

What is a major criticism of Spencer's theory of social Darwinism?

It can be used to justify racism, class, and social inequality.

What is the base for Durkheim's theory of society?

The belief that people are the product of their social environment.

What does the term the power elite, used by Wright Mills, refer to?

A small clique composed of top corporate, political, and military officials.

What term describes the extent to which a study or research instrument accurately measures what it is supposed to measure?

Vadility

What is material culture?

Physical and tangible creations that members of society make, use, and share.

What are examples of nonmaterial culture provided in the lecture?

Democracy, belief in a supreme being, and understanding English.

What are Moors?

Strongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that may be violated without serious consequence in a particular culture.

What are taboos?

Mores so strongly held that if violated, is extremely offensive and unredeemable.

What is a subculture?

A category of people who share distinguished attributes, beliefs, values, and or norms that set them apart in some significant manner from the dominant culture.

What is an object fad?

A temporary but widely copied value style of behavior, thinking, or appearance.

In the nature versus nurture debate regarding socialization, what do nature and nurture refer to?

The nature component refers to heredity, while the nurture component refers to social influence.

What is reciprocal socialization?

The process by which the feelings, thoughts, appearance, and behavior of individuals who are undergoing socialization also have a direct influence on those who are attempting to influence them.

What is Ethnocentrism?

The judging of all other cultures by one's own, assuming that their way of life is more superior to others.

What is mass media?

A large scale organization that uses print or electrical means to communicate.

What is an example of gender socialization?

Throughout childhood and adolescence, girls and boys are typically assigned different household chores and given different privileges.

What is anticipatory socialization?

The social process where people learn to take on the values and standards of a group they plan to join.

What is a stigma?

Any physical or social attribute or sign that so deviates a person's social identity that it disqualifies that person from full social acceptance.

What is a status?

A socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties.

What is role ambiguity?

When the associated roles are unclear.

What is a post industrial society?

An economy transitioned from manufacturing tangible goods to providing services, information, and heavily relied on digital and advanced tenets.

What is a self fulfilling prophecy?

When you lean into the negative behavior or idea of someone or something until it is fulfilled.

According to Goffman, how can social interaction be compared to a theatrical presentation?

An individual is an actor, observers are audiences, and interactions are guided by social script.

What is a secondary group according to Coolly?

A large, specialized group in which members engage in impersonal and goal oriented relationships for a limited period of time.

What is an outgroup?

A group in which a person does not belong to and which that person may feel a sense of competitive or hostility towards.

How do authoritarian leaders and laissez faire leaders differ?

Authoritarian leaders make group decisions without asking for inputs from team members and make their demands compliant, while laissez faire leaders are minimally involved in decision making and encourage group members to make their own decision.

What is groupthink?

The process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individuals privately believe is unwise.

What are examples of coercive organizations?

Total institutions, boot camps, prisons, and some mental hospitals.

What is the central idea of the iron law of oligarchy?

Those who control bureaucracies are not only widely wield power but also have an interest in retaining their power.

What is social control?

The systematic practices that social groups develop to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws to discourage deviance.

What does Rational Choice Theory suggest about criminal acts?

Most people who commit crimes make careful decisions based on the weighing the available information regarding situational and personal factors.

What is a misdemeanor?

A minor crime that is typically punished by less than $1$ year in jail.

What are examples of property crime?

Burglary, larceny, theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson.

What is social mobility?

The movement of individuals or groups from one level in a stratification system to another.

What is general deterrence?

Instilling a fear of punishment in the people through reading about criminal trials in newspapers or watching them on TV.

What is rehabilitation?

When someone that has committed a crime is slowly integrated into society again through hope of different systems.

What does the term corrections refer to?

Not only prisons and jails, but also to several programs and organizations that manage people who are either accused or convicted of crimes.

What is alienation?

A feeling of powerlessness and estrangement from other people and from oneself.

What is a pink collar occupation?

A relatively low paying, non manual, semi skilled position that is primarily held by women.

What term is used by the Department of Agriculture to identify people whose access to adequate food is limited by lack of money and other resources?

Food insecure

What is absolute poverty?

When people do not have the means to secure the most necessities of life.

Who coined the term feminization of poverty in the late 1970s and what does it mean?

Sociologist Deanna Pierce; it refers to the trend in which women are disproportionately represented among individuals living in poverty.

What is the difference between racial and ethnic groups?

Unlike racial groups, ethnic groups are based on cultural and nationality characteristics.

Why did white ethnic Americans experience discrimination?

Because many white ethnic Americans were not Protestant.

Which category of Asian Americans in The United States has a median household income of over $100{,}000$?

Asian Indian Americans

What educational characteristic is noted for Puerto Rican Americans in The U. S.?

They have a higher level of educational attainment than the overall Hispanic population.

What type of discrimination did Anthony demonstrate when he refused service to African Americans only to avoid offending white customers?

Unprejudiced Discrimination

What is an example of a positive check on population suggested by Thomas Maldas?

The Civil War

How is the sex ratio defined?

The number of males to every $100$ females in any given population.

What percentage of the world's population lived in cities two hundred years ago compared to today?

About $3\%$ of the world's population lived in cities two hundred years ago, compared to $50\%$ living in cities today.

What is contagion theory?

It holds that a crowd takes on a life of its own that is larger than the beliefs or actions of any one person.

What is zero population growth according to Neo Malthusians?

The point at which no population increase occurs from year to year because the number of births plus immigrants is equal to the number of deaths per immigrant.

What ecological process occurs when single family residences converted into apartments cause remaining owners to leave and more apartments to follow?

Succession

How is a religious movement like ARIA classified when it emphasizes spiritual awakenings and preparing for the end of the world?

Expressive movements

Diffusion

Part of US popular culture, such as entertainment, fashion, and music are being transmitted to other countries via the media and are increasingly being adapted by masses in different countries

Spain wolf hypothesis

Language shapes the views of reality of its speakers

Jocelyn is successfully negotiate an important business contract with a major client. Her boss congratulate her and promises a significant pay raise.

Positive sanction

Automobiles provide transportation and independence. They also cause air pollution and contribute to global warming sociologist K Martin would consider these negative impacts.?

Dysfunctions of automobiles

Interview

In the context of types of surveys, which is a method of gathering data for research, which is face-to-face communication between the researcher and respondent allow, allowing the researcher to ask questions

Affirmative action

Refers to policies or procedures that are intended to promote equal opportunity for categories of people deemed to have been previously excluded from equality and education, employment, and other fields on the basis of characteristics, such as Ethnicity or race

Why is language considered an important component of culture

because it helps create the transmitted culture from one generation to the next by manipulating symbols