Chap 19 bio

Symbiosis

live together

Parasites

One organism lives at the expense of other

Origin of microbiome

Microbiome is different after vaginal birth than after caesarian birth

affected by breast feeding vs formula

geographical location

lifestyle of host

age

Benefits of microbiome

Blocks pathogen attachment

competes for nutrients,

produces toxins, vitamins, and enzymes

stimulates adaptive immunity.

Vagus nerve

Connects brain to body organs;

senses bacterial signals and hunger,

influencing cravings and metabolism.

Factor in Stress levels

Needs of microbiome

More whole grains, fruits vegetables, nuts, beans

less sugar, carbonated drinks, alcohol, highly processed foods

Maintain microbiome

Exersize 20 mins

sleep 7-9 hrs

antibiotics when needed

cut smoking

stress management

Dysbiosis

• imbalance in microbiome

• increases inflammation

• antibiotic treatment microbes may colonize and cause disease

• Ex. Candidiasis

  • yeast infections

Infection

Pathogens multiply

can be subclinical, no symptoms

infectious disease

prevents normal function

symptoms are subjective experienced by patient

signs are objective evidence: rash, pus, swelling

Pathogenicity

ability of organism to cause disease

primary pathogen

causes disease in otherwise healthy individual

secondary pathogen (opportunistic)

cause disease when the body’s immune defenses are compromised.

virulence

degree of damage caused by pathogen

incubation period

time between infection and onset

convalescence

recuperation of disease

localized infection

lited to small area

systemic infection

agent spread throughout the body

suffix- emia

“in the blood”

Bacteremia

bacteria circulating in blood, lead to systemic inflammation known sepsis

Toxemia

toxins cirulating in bloodstream

viremia

viruses circulating in bloodstream

pathogen evolution

hide within cells

alter surface proteins

secrete enzymes to destroy barriers

direct effect

toxins produced killing cell

indirect effect

immune response, apoptosis

exotoxins

made inside cell, leak into host after lysis

damaging proteins

toxoid

inactivated toxins

neurotoxins

damage nervous system

enterotoxins

intestinal distrubance

cytotoxins

damage variety of cell types

endotoxins

found in cell walls

gram-negative bacteria

trigger inflammatory response, can lead to sepsis

immunocompromised factors

• malnutrition

• cancer

• AIDS/HIV

• surgery

• wounds

• genetic defects

• alcohol or drug abuse

• immunosuppressive therapy

• age

damage from immune

• inflammation in lungs into pneumonia

• immune complexes: settle in kidneys and joints leading into inflammation, can become autoimmune

• cross-reactive antibodies: mark body cells for destruction, promote autoimmunity.

hypersensitivity

• heightened immune response, usually allergies

• rapid immune response to usually harmless substance

• occurs within 24 hrs, often within minutes

autoimmune disease

immune response that attack self-tissues

causes:

genetic factors

environmental factors

immunodeficiency

lack of needed immune response

tiggers for hypersensitivity

inhaled substances (pollen, pets, mold)

injected substances (venom, penicillin)

ingested substances (peanuts, seafood)

second exposure causes symptoms

localized allergic reactions

hives: skin rash

hay fever: teary eyes, sneezing, runny nose

asthma: histamine in lower respiratory tract contract airways

anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock

heart failure from suffocation

treated with epinephrine

peanuts, bee stings most common

delayed hypersensitivity

2-3 days after exposure

allergic contact dermatitis

results in irritating rash, sometimes blisters

common causes: latex, cosmetics, plants

autoimmune disease

inflammatory disease

stress reduction

immunosuppressants

correcting dysbiosis

rheumatoid arthritis

affects cartilage

can lead to crippling joint destruction

systemic lupus erythematosus

• symtoms

  • fatigue, fever, and rashes

  • joint pain and swelling

  • kidneys or other organs many be damaged

graves disease

weight loss and fatigue

rapid heartbeat

bulging eyes

myasthenia gravis

• disruption in nerve impulses

• symptoms

  • muscle weakness

  • double vision

  • difficulty speaking/swallowing

multiple sclerosis

damage to the myelin sheath that protects nerves

symptoms

fatiuge

vision problems

numbness

loss of motor cordination

type 1 dia

destruction of beta cells in pancreas, insulin is never produced and glucose can’t be processed

symptoms

increased thirst and urination

extreme hunger

fatigue and weight loss

immunodeficiency disorders

body cannot inisiate or sustain immune response

result in repeated infections

can be present at birth

from infection

measles destroys memory

HIV destories helper T cells