ingestive behaviours - edit FC 6 email

define eating

• action of taking solid foods in the mouth in order to nourish oneself, mastication, swallowing, digestion

• specifically not the ingestion of non-food substances

biopsychosocial perspective of eating behaviour

• why we need food 2

• what does hunger motivate

• fuel, nutrition

• motivates food seeking behaviour

satiety

• what is it

• what is it controlled by

• the feeling of being full that stops you from eating more

• controlled by the hypothalamus

thirst

• what increases in the plasma to trigger the feeling of thirst 2

• SFO,OVLT are stimulated, what do they stand for

  • how are they involved in thirst regulation

• what in the NS is this modulated by

• the median preoptic nucleus sends signals to what two places

• plasma osmolarity and angiotensin 3

• subfornical organ, organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis

  • act as the brain's primary sensory hubs for monitoring fluid balance, blood osmolality, and circulating hormones to trigger the sensation of thirst

• modulated by GI efferents and baroreceptor inputs

• insula (interoception) and cingulate cortex (motivation/emotional processing)

modulation of taste

• what are the 5 modalities of taste

• what 2 things affect taste perception (general name)

  • what does this suggest

• sweet, salty, bitter, sour, umami

• endocrine and chemokine messengers

  • it suggests that the state of the body alters our enjoyment of the food we eat

examples of taste modulation

• what effects does angiotensin II have on sweet and salty tastes

• what effect does leptin have

• insulin

• TNF-a

• PICA - what is this

  • what is it believed to be linked to

• what does sensitivity mean

• ang II decreased sensitivity to salty things, increased sensitivity to sweet tastes

• leptin increases sensitivity to sweet foods!!!!!!!!1

• insulin increases sensitivity to salty foods

• TNFa decreases sensitivity to some bitter foods

• PICA is a craving to ingest non-foods

  • associated with micronutrient deficiencies (iron, phosphorus, vit BCD)

sodium appetite

• what is this caused by

• what does sodium appetite mean

• blockade of what system reduces sodium apetite

• what neuron in the nucleus tractus solitarii is responsible for causing this effect

• sodium depletion

• increased likeness towards salty things

• renin-angiotension-aldosterone system

• aldosterone activated HSD2 neurons

aldosterone activated HSD2 neurons

• what are they sensitive to

• what are they activated by

• salt sensitive

• activated by corticosteroids and aldosterone, sodium depletion

eating behaviour

• what 3 models explain eating behaviour DM, CM, WCM

• developmental model, cognitive model, weight concern model

explain what the developmental model, cognitive model and weight concern model each emphasise

developmental model

• role of learning

• exposure, social learning, association

cognitive model

• role of beliefs

• values, attitudes

weight concern model

• meaning of food and weight

• body dissatisfaction

• dieting

developmental model

• what is the main focus

• what changes to food happen at 3 yrs

• what are cravings linked to

• development of food preferences and emphasises the role of exposure and learning

• aversion to foods, learned safety?

• dietary deficiencies

developmental model

• whats involved in associative and social learning

• what do they both suggest

• what does low birth weight predispose children to

• AL - reinforcement, food as reward, control

• SL - modelling, context

• they all suggest acquisition and maintenance of eating habits is learned even though some preferences are present at birth

• higher risk of obesity or metabolic syndrome

cognitive model

• what does this model aim to do

• what contributes to eating behaviour TPB model

• what is hedonic eating

• what pathway in the brain is activated when eating

• what is stress induced eating

• predict and explain eating behaviours

• behavioural attitudes, subjective norms, perceived control, intention

  • interactions entre hedonic and homeostatic eating pathways

• eating for pleasure rather than for needs

• mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic pathway, pleasure

• self medicating way to help cope with negative emotions from chronic stress

weight concern model

• what does it focus on

• what is body dissatisfaction and dysmorphia

• how is body dissatisfaction measured

• meaning of food and weight, symbolic significance, emotional conflict

• distorted body size estimation

• person is shown a picture, they pick which body shape they are and what their ideal body shape is, greater gap between two options indicative of ed

body dissatisfaction

• social factors 5

• biological factors 2

• psychological factors 2

• behavioural factors 3

• social factors

  • social media, ethnicity, social class, family, food industry

• biological factors

  • genetic, hormone imbalance

• psychological factors

  • beliefs (parents, personal), family relationship

• behavioural factors

  • under/over exercise, diet, responsiveness to food cues

all can lead to over/under unhealthy body weights

dieting and restrained eating patterns

• what is a usual trend in dieters’ weight

• what is cognitive shift

• role of denial

• mood modification

• over eating as relapse

• under and over eating causing weight fluctuation instead of loss

• breakdown in self control, motivational collapse, giving in

• paradoxical effect where suppressed thoughts become more prominent

• eating elevates low mood

• belief that behaviour is all or nothing, slight lapse → relapse

what leads to unhealthy eating

• cravings

• guilt about eating

• lowself esteem, anxiety, depression

• overestimation of body size

name 4 unhealthy eating behaviours

O, P, RD, NES

• orthorexia

• pica

• rumination disorder

• night eating syndrome

explain these 4 unhealthy eating habits

• orthorexia

• pica

• rumination disorder

• night eating syndrome

• orthorexia

  • an obsession with eating pure/healthy food

  • helps cope with negative thoughts to feel in control

• pica

  • eating non-food substances with no nutritional value

  • linked to sensory/emotional regulation or mineral/vitamin deficiency

  • likely in pregnancy, iron deficiency, anaemia, autism

• rumination disorder

  • repetitive, automatic bringing up of partly digested food

  • happens effortlessly and isnt associated with nausea or disgust

• night eating syndrome

  • repetitive eating at night either waking from sleep

  • can also be eating large meals after evening meal

  • can be caused by disrupted circadian rhythm

explain these eating disorders

• anorexia

• bulimia

• binge eating disorder BED

• avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder ARFID

• type 1 diabetes and disordered eating T1DE

• anorexia

  • mental illness

  • when food and drink is limited by strict rules

  • associated with depression, low self esteem, anxiety

• bulimia

  • mental illness

  • indv eat large quantities of food then compensate with vomiting, laxatives, fasting, overexercising

  • indv feel a lack of control during bingeing

  • emphasis on weight and shape

• binge eating disorder BED

  • indv eat large quantities of food over a short period of time and feel out of control

  • can be planned or spontaneous

  • feelings of guilt and disgust

• avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder ARFID

  • avoiding certain food types

  • can be sensory based

  • hypersensitive to taste, texture, smell, appearance, temperature

  • could have had a bad experience, choking, vomiting, pain

• type 1 diabetes and disordered eating T1DE

  • referred to as diabulimia

  • restrict insulin to control weight

  • may be at risk due to need of constant weight monitoring, glucose levels, food intake

microbiome

• what nourishes gut bacteria

• how do they control our eating preferences, 2 hormones

• what nerve can they trigger

• the food we eat

• byproducts can affect our mood, dopamine and serotonin

• vagus nerve

drugs

• how does marijuana affect appetite

• what receptors are activated, where in the brain

• what hormone do they stimulate the release of from the stomach

• what hormone do they inhibit the release of from the duodenum

• how else does this receptor affect appetite

• it contains tetrahydracannabinol which activates the endocannabinoid receptor CB1 to make us hungry (munchies)

• CB1, hypothalamus

• they stimulate ghrelin release from the stomach

• inhibit satiety signal release, cholecytokinin

• it enhances our perception of reward for eating, increasing sensory perception of fats and taste of sugary foods, likely to enjoy more unhealthy foods