Evolution and Community Ecology

Symbiosis

A close, long term biological interaction between two species

A niches is….

A specific role an organism plays in a community.

What makes up an niche?

The resources it uses, organism it interacts with, the habitat it lives in, and the behavior it displays

Tolerance is…

The ability for an organism to survive and reproduce under changing environmental conditions

Tolerance can determine…

Where and how an organism lives

Specialists have a narrow/____ tolerance or niche

Restricted

Advantages for specialists…

Are very successful in their niche

Disadvantages for specialists…

Might not be able to adapt when conditions change

Generalists have a ____ tolerance or niche

Wide

Advantages for generalists…

They have a wide tolerance or niche and are able to live in different places

Disadvantages for generalists…

May not be as successful like specialists

intraspecific competition is…

Competition between members of the same species

Interspecific competition is…

Completion among members of two or more different species, and can result in competitive exclusion

Fundamental niche

An organisms full niche without competition

Realized niche

An organisms actual niche, limited by competition

Competitive ____ ____: there can never be two species filling the exact niche at once

Exclusion principle

Recourse partitioning

Species divide common resources

Character displacement is.

In some communities, competing species evolved to share resources

What is predation?

The process by which a predator hunts kills and consumes prey

What is Herbivory?

An animal feeding on a plant

Coevolution

The process by which tooth species evolved in response to change changes in each other

A robotic relationship is a ____ relationship between two species; at least one benefits

Close

Mutualism is when…

Both species benefit

Commensalism Is…

One species benefits and the other is unaffected

Parasitism is when…

One species benefits, while the other is harmed

Energy is the ability to do…

Work

Energy is not recycled into the biosphere, but instead moves in…

A one-way stream shaping communities in the process

Consumers (heterotrophs) obtain energy by _____ other plants and animals

Eating

Cellular respiration is…

The process in which organisms use oxygen to release the chemical energy of sugars such as glucose, releasing carbon dioxide and water

Trophic levels is…

Energy flows from one organism to another in communities

Tropic level:

An organisms position in the food chain or food web of its community

Biomass is…

The total mass of living organisms each tropic level contains

A food chains is…

A linear series if feeding relationships

A food web is…

Shows overlapping and interconnected food chains to present a community

Keystone species are…

An organism that has a large critical effect on its environment

Community equilibrium

A community in Equilibrium is generally stable and balanced with the most populations at or around carrying capacity

Indicator species is

A species whose presence or absence reflects a specific environmental condition or overall health of an ecosystem

Ecological disturbances is any change in a communities

Environment

Primary succession occurs after

Severe disturbances were no vegetation or soil remains

Pioneer species is

Species that colonize newly exposed land first

An example Of a pioneer species is

Lichen

Secondary succession Occurs

After a disturbance, but soil is still present

Primary aquatic succession occurs when

An area fills with the water for the first time

How can aquatic Succession happen

It can happen when glaciers retreat, and leave depressions in the ground

Biodiversity typically____as more niches become available

Increases

Climax communities are

Is a stable community in the “completed “the succession process

No native species are also known as

Exotic species