Bio revision (topic 1 cell theory)

label chloroplast

osmosis

is the movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration

fluid mosaic model.

model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane

Examples and differences between facilitated and simple diffusion

Simple diffusion moves small, nonpolar molecules directly across membranes, while facilitated diffusion uses transport proteins to move larger or polar molecules.

The 8 Characteristics of Living Things (Mrs Green)

Movement

Respiration

Sensitivity

Growth

Reproduction

Equilibrium

Excretion

Nutrition

The cell theory

The cell is the smallest living organisational unit

All organisms are composed of cells

All cells come from pre-existing cells

Structure of prokaryotic cells

A simple, single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, like bacteria.

Structure of eukaryotic cells

A complex cell containing a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as plant and animal cells.

Key difference between animal and plant cells

Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole, while animal cells lack these structures and multiple small vacuoles.

Nucleus

Control center of the cell

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids, characterized by ribosomes on its surface.

Golgi apparatus (bodies)

modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Ribosomes

Makes proteins

Vesicles

small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell

Chloroplasts

Capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food/energy for the cell

Vacuole

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

Membranes (in general)

selectively permeable barriers that enclose cells, regulate transport, and maintain structure

Process and purpose of photosynthesis

Process where plants use chlorophyll and light energy to turn carbon dioxide and water into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

Organelles involved in photosynthesis

chloroplasts and chlorophyll

Chemical and worded equation of photosynthesis

. 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

.Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen

Aerobic Cellular Respiration Process and purpose

to convert glucose and oxygen into ATP, the energy currency that powers all cellular activities

Chemical and worded equation for aerobic cellular respiration

. C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

. Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP)

Organelle and locations involved in aerobic cellular respiration

Aerobic cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria, the cell's primary energy-producing organelle.

Simple diffusion

movement of materials across the phospholipid bilayer from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Facilitated diffusion

Movement of materials across the plasma membrane through protein channels from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

osmosis

movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane

Endocytosis and exocytosis

Endocytosis is when a cell takes in materials by engulfing them, and exocytosis is when a cell releases materials to the outside.

Plasma membrane structure- fluid mosaic model

▪The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol. Each molecule fulfils a specific function in the membrane.

What is Xenotransplantation?

Xenotransplantation is the transplantation of living cells, tissues, or organs from one species into another, typically from animals to humans, to address organ shortages.

fluid mosaic model.

model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane

Blood vessels in the circulatory system

. Arteries → arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins